A concept for the generation of out-of-plane distortion from tailored FRP laminates

The phenomenon of thermally induced distortions in unsymmetrical laminates is well understood, and it may be shown that a square, unsymmetrical 0.90 laminate will tend to form two stable geometries with a snap-through phenomenon between them. This paper discusses laminates in which at each point the lay-up is symmetrical across the laminate mid-plane, but which still exhibit multiple stable geometries. The number of stable geometries can be controlled by the details of the lay-up from the minimum of two to, in principle, an unlimited number. In addition it will be shown how a similar process can be used to generate multiple stable stress states and geometries in unidirectional laminates. This paper represents a very preliminary experimental investigation of the design space available for such composite laminates. Possible applications of composites with multiple stable geometries are noted.     

Arc root mobility on piezoelectrically actuated contacts in miniature circuit breakers

A novel contact opening mechanism has been developed using a piezoelectric actuator to open the contacts in a low contact opening velocity circuit breaker. The arc control on the contacts is critical for successful current interruption (10/sup 3/-10/sup 4/ A) in low voltage (<250V) devices. Previous work has shown how arc root commutation from the contact region into the arc chamber is affected by arc chamber materials, contact materials and the gap behind the moving contact for contact velocities between 1ms/sup -1/ and 10ms/sup -1/. This work is extended using a commercially available piezoelectric actuator to open the contacts. Contact opening speeds are assessed and the arc root mobility is characterized under this operating regime. A flexible test apparatus and solid-state high-speed arc imaging system are used to gather data on the arc root during the opening of the contacts. New experimental results are presented on the anode and cathode root velocity and arc root motion in an arc chamber with piezoelectrically actuated contact opening. These results can be used to improve the design of high current low voltage circuit breakers suitable for piezoelectric actuation.     

Interleukin-2 enhancement of cytotoxicity by humanized monoclonal antibody M195 (anti-CD33) in myelogenous leukemia

The mass childhood immunization programme has traditionally been viewed as a safe and effective preventative measure by health promoters, primary health care professionals and governments. This consensus has meant that immunization has rarely been viewed as ethically problematic. A number of recent changes in the context of the delivery of health care, particularly the emphasis on consumerism and the effect of the marketization of services, makes timely an examination of ethical, social and political issues. This article examines four main grounds for problematizing the mass childhood immunization programme. These are: clinical research evidence about the safety and efficacy of vaccines; the masking of wider social and political determinants of ill health; the contradictory strictures about collective and individual rights in relation to immunization; and the uniqueness of childhood immunization as a physical intrusion into a healthy body. The implications of these ethical issues are discussed in relation to informed consent and the need for a 'greenfield' review that includes the views of dissenting parents, lawyers and moral philosophers, as well as health professionals.     

Identification and characterization of a cDNA encoding ribosomal protein S12 from Xenopus laevis

LY171883, a peroxisome proliferator and leukotriene D4-antagonist, induced a statistically significant increase in the number of hepatic lesions in B6C3F1 female mice in a 2 year oncogenicity study at dietary doses of 0.0225% and 0.075%. The mutation frequency and spectrum of the 61st codon of H-ras was determined for 64 independent, archived lesions from the LY171883 2 year oncogenicity study using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), allele specific oligo hybridization (ASO) and DNA sequencing. Results showed 41 (64%) of these lesions had mutations at the 61st codon (16/21 hepatocellular carcinomas, 4/10 hepatocellular adenomas, 19/26 focal hepatocellular hyperplasias and 2/7 focal hepatocellular atypia). These mutations consisted of 18 C-A transversions, 16 A-G transitions and seven A-T transversions. Compared to the mutation frequency for spontaneously occurring archival B6C3F1 hepatic lesions (41%), the frequency of LY171883 lesions (64%) was significantly higher (P < 0.01). The frequencies of H-ras 61st codon mutations among the LY171883 lesion types (hepatocellular carcinomas 76%, hepatocellular adenomas 40%, focal hepatocellular hyperplasias 73% and hepatocellular atypia 29%) were also significantly different (P = 0.035). In contrast, spontaneous lesions showed no statistical difference in the frequencies of mutation among lesion types (P > 0.5). The mutation spectrum of the LY171883 lesions was not significantly different from the spontaneous spectra. It may be concluded that based on the similarity in mutation spectrum and the increase in mutation frequency, LY171883 may selectively promote spontaneous hepatic lesions containing H-ras 61st codon mutations. In addition, the difference in mutation frequency among lesion types does not support a linear progression of all LY171883 lesions through focal atypia, focal hepatocellular hyperplasias, hepatocellular adenomas and hepatocellular carcinomas.     

High-dose busulfan, melphalan, thiotepa and peripheral blood stem cell infusion for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer

The purpose of this study was to determine the outcome of patients with metastatic breast cancer treated with high-dose busulfan (Bu), melphalan (Mel) and thiotepa (TT) followed by peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) infusion. Fifty-one patients with chemotherapy refractory (n = 32) or responsive (n = 19) metastatic breast cancer received Bu (12 mg/kg), Mel (100 mg/m2) and TT (500 mg/m2) followed by PBSC collected after chemotherapy and growth factor (n = 43) or growth factor alone (n = 8). The 100 day treatment-related mortality was 8% including one death from cytomegalovirus pneumonia, one from aspiration pneumonia and two from regimen-related toxicity (RRT). Seven of 28 refractory (25%) and 5/7 (71%) responsive patients with evaluable disease achieved a complete response of all measurable disease or all soft tissue disease with at least improvement in bone lesions (PR*). Fifteen of 51 patients (29%) are alive and progression-free a median of 423 days (range 353-934) after treatment, 5/32 (16%) with refractory disease and 10/19 (53%) with responsive disease. The probabilities of progression-free survival (PFS) at 1.5 years for the patients with refractory (n = 32) and responsive (n = 19) disease were 0.24 and 0.53, respectively. These preliminary data suggest that high-dose Bu/Mel/TT has significant activity in patients with advanced breast cancer and may be superior to some previously published regimens.     

Perceived risk for influenza in veterans with spinal cord injuries and disorders.

Objective: Guided by the extended parallel process model (EPPM), the objective was to assess control processes dominant in influenza behavior decisions. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Results: Response rate was 31% (n=968). Regarding influenza risk, 59% were in danger control. Those in fear control were more likely to report influenza infection (p=.000). In the nonvaccinated, those in fear control were more likely to indicate not knowing where to get the vaccine (p=.016) and that it was unavailable (p=.027), and those in danger control believed they did not need it (p=.023). Zero critical values were more likely to indicate that no health provider recommended the shot (p=.002). Conclusions: Most perceived efficacy to be stronger than threat related to influenza; according to the EPPM, they are aware of their risk but recognize their ability to avert it. For those in danger control, messages should focus on increasing perceptions of severity and susceptibility to positively affect behavior change. For those in fear control, messages should focus on efficacy only. With a critical value of zero, no threat is induced, and a high-threat/high-efficacy approach should be taken. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

品牌换标启示录

近几年国内外许多大品牌纷纷更换自己的标志，从柯达、富士到英特尔，从中国联通到腾讯网，从联想到创维，再到华为等，那么导致品牌换标的原因是什么？标志的再设计在其中起到一个怎样的作用？     

Active transport of nitrofurantoin across the mammary epithelium in vivo

Nitrofurantoin is a commonly used urinary tract antibiotic that has been found at high concentrations in human milk. In vivo studies in rats were carried out to determine the mechanism by which this drug crosses the mammary epithelium. Lactating rats were gavage-fed with nitrofurantoin, and their milk and plasma levels of the antibiotic were measured at intervals up to 8 hr. The average milk-to-plasma (M/P) ratio, calculated from the areas under the milk and plasma curves, respectively, was 23 compared with a ratio predicted to be about 0.3 on the basis of lipid partitioning and protein binding determinations. M/P ratios for two nitrofurantoin congeners were also calculated. The neutral compound furazolidone had a M/P ratio of about 1, as predicted, whereas the basic compound furaltadone had a M/P ratio of 3.49 compared with a predicted ratio of 1.4. These data suggest that nitrofurantoin and, to a lesser extent, furaltadone are actively transported across the mammary epithelium into milk.