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1.
Convenient for both biologists and MEMS designers, Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer is intensively investigated for its biocompatibility, transparency, high resistance under plasma treatment, flexibility and resistance to high temperature. However, for microfluidic applications, the fabrication of PDMS circular channels is difficult to achieve except by wire moulding. In this article, we present a simple, fast and low-cost fabrication method which can be applied out of clean-room environment. It is based on the deposition of alginic acid sodium salt aqueous solution, enabling the formation of a liquid cylinder on the most hydrophilic part of a hydrophilic/hydrophobic patterned surface. We experimentally studied the interaction between liquid rivulets and surfaces presenting a contrast of wettability and/or a stepwise texture. Subsequent moulding of the half-cylinder of liquid produces round PDMS microfluidic channels. The optimal parameters for hydrophilic/hydrophobic patterns have then been applied to produce the roundest possible channels. The realisation of both straight channels 300–500 μm wide, 1 cm long and 75° tangent chord angle at best, and Y-shaped channels with the same dimensions and 55° TCA is demonstrated.  相似文献   
2.
An experimental spill of 0.38 m3 of warm (55°C) crude oil under the ice cover of a fresh water pond with an underwater viewing port is described. Temperatures, dissolved hydrocarbon concentrations and oil slick behaviour and areas were determined. Some oil recovery and disposal methods were tested. An attempt has been made to quantify the rates of heat and mass transfer from the oil using reported values for transfer coefficients. The results indicate that the oil slick adopted a thickness of about 2 cm under the ice, that heat transfer from the oil was relatively fast and complete, that dissolution mass transfer is slow resulting in oil concentrations in the water of only 18 to 287 μg/l in the vicinity of the spill. Some recommendations are made for further studies to elucidate the nature and rates of the relevant physical processes and thus assist in assessing the environmental impact of under-ice oil spills.  相似文献   
3.
A simulation model has been developed to model drop populations in a mixed tank. A multiblock mixed tank model has been used with the drop population balance equations developed in the literature. The drop breakage and coalescence functions used in the population balance model take into account the local turbulent energy dissipation values. The drop breakage and coalescence function parameters are fitted against drop size measurements from dense liquid-liquid dispersions, which were assumed fully turbulent. Since the local turbulence and flow values of a mixed tank are used in the present model, the fundamental breakage and coalescence phenomena can be taken into closer examination. Furthermore, the present model is capable of predicting inhomogeneities occurring in a mixed tank. It is also considered as an improved tool for process scale-up, compared to the simple vessel-averaged population balance approach, or use of correlations of dimensionless numbers only. The present model can use two sources of data for fitting parameters in the drop rate functions. One is the transient data of the measured drop size distribution as the impeller speed is changed. The other is the time-averaged data measured at different locations of the mixed tank. Different flow regions can be chosen from direct measurements or from the CFD simulations in a straightforward manner. CFD flow simulation results can be used when no experimentally obtained flow conditions are available. This is especially useful for nonstandard vessels, such as reactors containing cooling coils.  相似文献   
4.
2D profile analysis has often in the past been considered sufficient to control the geometrical features of a surface and to ensure that they are compatible with the required functionalities. Yet, experience shows that 3D surface texture analysis is now essential wherever a complete assessment of the surface is required to enable the selection of the most appropriate surface texture to achieve a required functionality.This paper introduces measurement strategies and features considered as essential by SOMICRONIC when designing or developing 3D surface texture measuring instruments, knowing that the pursued aim is to assess the measured surface in a way to reveal the real surface. This is achieved without losing sight of existing ISO standardized concepts concerning surface texture profile analysis.Indeed, essentially for economical reasons, we consider that 31) surface texture stylus instruments must be designed to achieve classical surface texture profiles measurements and characterisations and to fulfil conditions and characteristics listed and described in existing surface texture ISO standards.We propose to develop in the next paragraphs, the following points:
• - Design of the data acquisition unit of a 3D surface texture instrument
• - Strategy for the measurement of the surface
• - Application of these concepts - Examples.
  相似文献   
5.
Recently, mobile TV has been launched in several countries. While mobile TV integrates television contents into mobile phones, the most personal of communication devices, it becomes interesting to know how this feature will be used throughout the day and in varying contexts of everyday life. This paper presents empirical results on the use of mobile TV with different delivery mechanisms and both quantitative and qualitative results on how end-users prefer to use mobile TV contents in different situations. The data is based on ongoing empirical research in Finland in 2006 and 2007. The mobile TV services under study included both news and entertainment contents, and were tested in 3G, DVB-H and Wi-Fi networks using different delivery paradigms: broadcast, on-demand and download. To explore the use of different delivery methods and content consumption, we have developed a mobile TV service protoype, called Podracing. The analysis shows that users appreciated up-to-date information and information-rich media forms and contents especially for mobile news delivery. There was high demand for only the latest news on mobiles. The real-time property was considered important. Most of the users looked at the headlines or followed the news several times a day – much more often than the traditional TV and news prime times would allow.  相似文献   
6.
Preconditioning is crucial for the convergence of GMRES iteration in the Harmonic Balance analysis of RF and microwave circuits. In this article, mixed frequency/time‐domain preconditioners for harmonic balance Jacobians are presented. The efficiency of mixed preconditioners is demonstrated with realistic simulation examples. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2009.  相似文献   
7.
In a large organization, informal communication and simple backlogs are not sufficient for the management of requirements and development work. Many large organizations are struggling to successfully adopt agile methods, but there is still little scientific knowledge on requirements management in large-scale agile development organizations. We present an in-depth study of an Ericsson telecommunications node development organization which employs a large scale agile method to develop telecommunications system software. We describe how the requirements flow from strategy to release, and related benefits and problems. Data was collected by 43 interviews, which were analyzed qualitatively. The requirements management was done in three different processes, each of which had a different process model, purpose and planning horizon. The release project management process was plan-driven, feature development process was continuous and implementation management process was agile. The perceived benefits included reduced development lead time, increased flexibility, increased planning efficiency, increased developer motivation and improved communication effectiveness. The recognized problems included difficulties in balancing planning effort, overcommitment, insufficient understanding of the development team autonomy, defining the product owner role, balancing team specialization, organizing system-level work and growing technical debt. The study indicates that agile development methods can be successfully employed in organizations where the higher level planning processes are not agile. Combining agile methods with a flexible feature development process can bring many benefits, but large-scale software development seems to require specialist roles and significant coordination effort.  相似文献   
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The neuroimaging community heavily relies on statistical inference to explain measured brain activity given the experimental paradigm. Undeniably, this method has led to many results, but it is limited by the richness of the generative models that are deployed, typically in a mass-univariate way. Such an approach is suboptimal given the high-dimensional and complex spatiotemporal correlation structure of neuroimaging data.Over the recent years, techniques from pattern recognition have brought new insights into where and how information is stored in the brain by prediction of the stimulus or state from the data. Pattern recognition is intrinsically multivariate and the underlying models are data-driven. Moreover, the predictive setting is more powerful for many applications, including clinical diagnosis and brain–computer interfacing. This special issue features a number of papers that identify and tackle remaining challenges in this field. The specific problems at hand constitute opportunities for future research in pattern recognition and neurosciences.  相似文献   
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