Characterization of the flow behaviour of sausage emulsions with a simple tube viscometer

A specially designed tube viscometer was used to measure apparent viscosity during flow of Bologna type sausage emulsions moving through a pipe. Emulsions varied in fat content (from 21.8 to 44.3%) and in moisture/protein ratio (from 3.7 to 5.6), and the effects of added sodium chloride, sodium diphosphate, starch and blood plasma were investigated in a 36% fat, 3.7 moisture/protein emulsion.
The shear stresses determined as a function of shear rate were fitted by a power law. Yield stress of the emulsions was negligible relative to the applied stress. However, inspection of the flow profiles indicated that considerable slip of the sausage emulsion occurred at the pipe wall. Both emulsion flow and slip contribute to overall flow behaviour, so a kind of effective viscosity is determined. Intrinsic rheological properties and wall slip will both be affected by the composition of the sausage emulsion.     

FACILITATED TRANSPORT OF CARBON DIOXIDE: A REVIEW

The effect of reversible chemical reaction upon the diffusion of carbon dioxide in thin liquid film membranes is reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed upon the hydration reaction of CO₂ and catalysis thereof. Theoretical analysis is developed for equilibrium, near-equilibrium and near-diffusion regimes. The important effects of weak acid buffers, proteins and amines upon CO₂ transport are also discussed, as well as the significance of diffusion potentials, particularly in the case of protein systems. Results of experimental investigations of facilitated CO₂ transport are reviewed, as well as general aspects of CO₂ transport in biological systems and absorbers.     

Comparative Study on Three Methods for Determining Air Content in Meat Batters

Measurement of air content in meat batters is useful, as larger amounts of air negatively affect some properties of comminuted products. Three methods were compared. One method (Vemag) involved liberation of entrapped air from the batter by the combined effects of vacuum and mechanical forces. The other two methods involved application of under- (Smrat) or over- (Handtmann) pressure and calculation of the air content using Boyle's ideal gas law. The Smrat showed the lowest reproducibility. However, being the most rapid and easy to use, it was the method of choice for routine quality and process control. The Vemag and more favorably the Handtmann were recommended for accurate and reproducible determinations.     

Model-structure selection by cross-validation

Two criteria for choosing between different model-structures are proposed. Their derivation is within a natural cross-validatory assessment context and is fairly assumption-free. In particular, the two criteria can be used for discriminating between non-nested model structures and, more importantly, the ‘true’ system is not required to belong to the considered set of models. Should the true system belong to the model set, the two proposed criteria will asymptotically reduce to some well-known structure selection criteria. This is believed to be a desirable feature of our proposals. On the other hand, it provides a nice cross-validation interpretation of some well-known model structure selection rules. Also, the cross-validation interpretation helps one to choose which criteria to use in a given application

The paper also has a second purpose, somewhat decoupled from that mentioned above. It contains an extensive survey of the literature that is useful in its own right.     

Surface Science Approach to Modeling Supported Catalysts

Nanoscale structural information underlies research aimed at fabricating catalysts in a more controlled way. Surface science methods can provide that information, but the complexity of heterogeneous systems in general hinders the application of these methods to their full potential. In the last decades, a solution to this problem has been found in the use of model systems, ranging from well-defined single crystals of the supported phase to films or particles of that phase on flat or spherical model supports. In this paper, we review the literature on the latter model systems, that is, particles on a model support. Attention is payed to both preparation and use of such model systems.     

Capturing Housing Market Segmentation: An Alternative Approach based on Neural Network Modelling

Various location specific attributes cause segmentation of the housing market into submarkets. The question is, whether the most relevant partitioning criteria are directly related to the transaction price or to other, socio-economic and physical, features of the location. On the empirical side, several methods have been proposed that might be able to capture this influence. This paper examines one of these methods: neural network modelling with an application to the housing market of Helsinki, Finland. The exercise shows how it is possible to identify various dimensions of housing submarket formation by uncovering patterns in the dataset, and also shows the classification abilities of two neural network techniques: the self-organising map (SOM) and the learning vector quantisation (LVQ). In Helsinki, submarket formation clearly depends on two factors: relative location and house type. Price-level clearly has a smaller role in this respect.     

APPLICATION OF AN ELECTRODIC TECHNIQUE TO STUDY TRANSPORT ACROSS MONOLAYERS

Monolayers have been extensively studied as a model for the natural biological membrane. The dropping mercury electrode has been developed by Pagano and Miller to study transport of species across lipid monolayers at the gas/water interface. New measurements show that this technique can be used to study the monolayer at the oil/water interface.     

DIFFERENCES IN SOCIAL CAPITAL BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL ENVIRONMENTS

ABSTRACT: In the literature, several contradicting views can be found concerning rural–urban differences in individual social capital. This study combines a literature review with an empirical examination of the different points of view, applying multilevel modeling techniques on data collected from 2,332 students living across 216 municipalities. In general, social capital appears to be higher among students from municipalities in central agglomerations than among those from more rural municipalities. This effect could not be observed with respect to social capital from the family, but was established regarding social capital from friends and acquaintances. In addition, we found that living in an urban environment is associated with more pronounced socioeconomic inequalities in social capital from friends.