Interferometric monitoring of satellite longitudes

This paper proposes a technique for monitoring the longitudinal motion of geosynchronous satellites. A two‐antenna interferometer is used, with the baseline orientation adjusted to a particular horizontal azimuth. The interferometer then becomes insensitive to the north–south motion of the satellite, and this enables direct measurement of the satellite's longitudinal motion. Longitudes are monitored continuously, with no delay when orbital manoeuvres occur. The proposed technique is particularly useful when two or more satellites are operating in close proximity and their longitudes must be precisely monitored for safety control. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Studies on applications of lypolytic enzymes in detergency II. Evaluation of adaptability of various kinds of lipases in practical laundry conditions

Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society - Kinetic parameter of hydrolysis, degree of hydrolysis, pH and temperature characteristics and positional specificity of hydrolysis of seven kinds...     

Synthesis and surface properties of novel fluoroalkyl end-capped amphiphilic fullerene cooligomers

New fluoroalkyl end-capped fullerene cooligomers were prepared by the reactions of fluoroalkanoyl peroxides with fullerene and comonomers such as acryloylmorpholine, N,N-dimethylacrylamide and acrylic acid. These fluorinated fullerene cooligomers were easily soluble in water and common organic solvents, and were able to reduce the surface tensions of both water and benzene, quite effectively. Additionally, these fullerene cooligomers were found to form a stable monomolecular film at the air-water interface, and the modified polystyrene surface treated with these cooligomers was shown to have a strong hydrophilicity with good oil repellency.     

Self-healing algorithm for logical mesh connection on ring networks

A self-healing algorithm is proposed for a ring network connected as a logical mesh. It offers good performance in terms of protection line capacity, restoration time, and survivability against multiple failures     

Turbulent natural convection heat transfer from a vertical plate to the power-law fluid at high prandtl numbers

A simple analytical technique for turbulent natural convection heat transfer from an isothermal vertical plate to a power-law fluid is developed. The model is based on the assumption that the turbulent heat transfer rate is controlled by the flow characteristic near the surface in the limit of large Prandtl numbers. The formulation proposed in this work agrees well with the correlations available in the literature.     

Heat and mass transfer in non-newtonian fluid flow with power function velocity profiles

Heat and mass transfer in laminar and turbulent non-Newtonian fluids is investigated in this work using the power function velocity profiles. Analytical solutions are presented for cases of mass transfer in laminar non-Newtonian fluid flows, namely for a flat velocity profile (plug flow), for the case of a constant velocity gradient at the solid boundary (Couette flow), and for the velocity distribution within a laminar boundary layer on a flat plate, and these are illustrated by rotating disks and cylinders in laminar Ostwald-de Waele fluids. Further, turbulent mass transfer processes (tubular flow, rotating disk, and rotating cylinder) in non-Newtonian fluids (Ostwald-de Waele fluid and drag-reducing fluid) at low and large Schmidt numbers are also discussed using the solutions of mass transfer in flows with power function velocity profiles. Reasonable agreement is found between the predictions of this work and the available experimental data and correlations.     

Depolymerization of fluoroalkyl methacrylate polymers as studied with thermogravimetry

Thermal behaviors of a few kinds of poly(fluoroalkyl methacrylate) prepared by γ-or UV-ray polymerization were investigated by using thermogravimetric measurements with the intermittent analysis of the gaseous products. The degradation of fluoroalkyl methacrylate polymers, monomeric units of which were CH₂=C(CH₃)COOCH₂(CF₂CF₂)_nH, n = 1, 2, and 3, proceeded according to the depolymerization mechanism reproducing the pristine monomer exclusively, but the thermogram in inert atmosphere showed the features of a two-step reaction. Two species of polymer differing in the heat stability were supposed to exist in the polymeric substance produced by γ- or UV-ray irradiation, and the fraction of polymer having lower heat stability increased with the increasing length of the fluoroalkyl ester group. In air, however, the thermogram of poly(fluoroalkyl methacrylate) showed no such a stepwise weight decrease as was observed in inert atomsphere with the elevating temperature, and the temperatures at which the depolymerization was introduced shifted to a much higher region. The results were ascribed to the reaction of initiating polymer radicals produced on polymer having lower stability with oxygen to form hydroperoxide, which once stabilized the polymer radicals and obstructed the initiaition of the unzipping reaction till higher temperature.     

Depolymerization of poly(fluoroalkyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) as studied with thermogravimetry

Thermal behaviors of a few kinds of poly(fluoroalkyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) prepared by γ-ray copolymerization were investigated by using thermogravimetric measurements together with the intermittent analysis of the gaseous products. The thermal degradation of copolymers composed of one of fluoroalkyl methacrylates of the following structures: CH₂?C(CH₃)COOCH₂(CF₂CF₂)_nH, where n = 1,2, and 3, and methyl methacrylate proceeded according to the depolymerization mechanism reproducing the pristine component comonomers exclusively, but their thermograms in inert atmosphere showed the feature of a two-step reaction. In air, however, thermograms of copolymers did not show such a stepwise decrease in weight with the elevating temperature, and temperatures at which depolymerization was introduced shifted to a much higher region. The overall aspects of depolymerization of copolymers seemed to be much similar to that of fluoroalkyl methacrylate homopolymer previously reported, and the retardation of depolymerization by air was considered to be due mainly to the stabilization of once-formed polymer radicals by oxygen.     

Decolorization and mineralization of Oolong tea polyphenols in colored soft drink wastewater by photo Fenton reaction

The decolorization and the mineralization of the colored soft drink wastewater including Oolong tea polyphenols by the photo Fenton reaction have been investigated. The decolorization of the colored soft drink wastewater including Oolong tea polyphenols by the photo Fenton reaction could be divided into 3 phases. Just after H2O2 was added to the solution, the color of the solution immediately increased from absorbance of 0.247 to 0.711 at the wavelength of 400 nm, which was defined as the 1st phase. Subsequently the significant decolorization by the photo Fenton reaction occurred at the 2nd phase. Finally, complete decolorization (the color attributed to the color of Fe3+) could be achieved in 180 min at the 3rd phase. The instantaneous and considerable color increase at the 1st phase could be attributed to the formation of intermediate colored compounds like quinones and soluble iron complexes produced by the Fenton reaction. About 95% mineralization of model colored soft drink wastewater with 229 mg L(-1) initial TOC concentration was achieved after 165 min.