和田市土地利用结构变化研究

我国正处在城市化急速发展的时期。城市从数量、规模等各方面都在膨胀，这给城市土地利用带来了一系列问题。本文在综合分析和田市城市土地利用现状和未来发展要求的基础上，为解决人类在高强度经济活动中，特别是在农村经济建设和城乡建设快速发展的条件下。针对如何解决土地资源的合理利用、环境恶化及持续发展之间的矛盾。提出了和田市未来合理开发利用土地资源、产业结构的调整、城市功能区的布局和进行城市建设等方面可行性方案。     

白洋淀地区的多氯联苯污染研究

对白洋淀地区不同类型纸厂排水口底泥及保定市排污渠底泥进行了ＧＣ／ＥＣＤ分析，可萃取有机氯（ＥＯＣｌ）含量测定，检出了多氯联苯和有机氯农药。用截止分子量为１０００道尔顿的透析袋方法对相应地区的水体进行了检测，发现水体中可检出含氯农药六六六，但多氯联苯等由于水中存在浓度低未能检出，同样样品的ＧＣ／ＭＳ／ＣＯＭ结果表明，水体中主要存在的亲脂性有机污染物为：蒽酮、蒽二酮、苯胺、氯代烃、邻苯二甲酸酯类和苯系物。     

One-step preparation of a novel graphitic biochar/Cu0/Fe3O4 composite using CO2-ambiance pyrolysis to activate peroxydisulfate for dye degradation

Herein,a one-step co-pyrolysis protocol was adopted for the first time to prepare a novel pyrogenic carbon-Cu⁰/Fe₃O₄ heteroatoms (FCBC) in CO₂ ambiance to discern the roles of each component in PDS activation.During co-pyrolysis,CO₂ catalyzed formation of reducing gases by biomass which facilitated reductive transformation of Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺ to Cu⁰ and Fe₃O₄,respectively.According to the a...     

中国主要湖泊表层沉积物重金属污染特征与评价分析

为了解我国主要湖泊沉积物中重金属的污染特征,通过搜集整理已公开发表的文献资料数据,分析了我国31个主要湖泊表层沉积物中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn 8种重金属含量的平均值及其分布特征,并运用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法对其污染程度进行评价。结果显示:我国31个湖泊的沉积物中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn平均含量分别为16.39,0.497,6.29,36.89,0.076,35.37,99.52 mg/kg,大部分元素含量平均值的最大值分布区域较为分散。地累积指数评价结果表明:8种重金属的平均污染程度由高到低依次为Cd>Hg>Cu>Zn>As>Ni>Zn>Cr,Cd和Hg在多个湖泊沉积物中达中度到重污染。潜在生态风险指数评价结果表明:8种重金属的潜在生态风险系数从高到低依次为Cd>Hg>As>Cu>Pb>Ni>Cr>Zn。8种重金属的总地累积指数和综合潜在生态风险具有显著的地域差异(P0.05),表明我国主要湖泊具有各自不同的重金属污染特征。     

Contribution of precursor compounds to the release of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from waste water treatment plants (WWTPs)

Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) are ubiquitous in sludge and water from waste water treatment plants, as a result of their incorporation in everyday products and industrial processes. In this study, we measured several classes of persistent PFASs,precursors, transformation intermediates, and newly identified PFASs in influent and effluent sewage water and sludge from three municipal waste water treatment plants in Sweden, sampled in 2015. For sludge, samples from 2012 and 2014 were analyzed as well.Levels of precursors in sludge exceeded those of perfluoroalkyl acids and sulfonic acids(PFCAs and PFSAs), in 2015 the sum of polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid esters(PAPs) were 15–20 ng/g dry weight, the sum of fluorotelomer sulfonic acids(FTSAs) was 0.8–1.3 ng/g,and the sum of perfluorooctane sulfonamides and ethanols ranged from non-detected to 3.2 ng/g. Persistent PFSAs and PFCAs were detected at 1.9–3.9 ng/g and 2.4–7.3 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The influence of precursor compounds was further demonstrated by an observed substantial increase for a majority of the persistent PFCAs and PFSAs in water after waste water treatment. Perfluorohexanoic acid(PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid(PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid(PFOS)had a net mass increase in all WWTPs, with mean values of 83%, 28%, 37% and 58%,respectively. The load of precursors and intermediates in influent water and sludge combined with net mass increase support the hypothesis that degradation of precursor compounds is a significant contributor to PFAS contamination in the environment.     

Transport and fate of mercury under different hydrologic regimes in polluted stream in mining area

Seepage from Hg mine wastes and calcines contains high concentrations of mercury (Hg). Hg pollution is a major environmental problem in areas with abandoned mercury mines and retorting units. This study evaluates factors, especially the hydrological and sedimentary variables, governing temporal and spatial variation in levels and state of mercury in streams impacted by Hg contaminated runo . Samples were taken during di erent flow regimes in theWanshan Hg mining area in Guizhou Province, China. In its headwaters the sampled streams/rivers pass by several mine wastes and calcines with high concentration of Hg. Seepage causes serious Hg contamination to the downstream area. Concentrations of Hg in water samples showed significant seasonal variations. Periods of higher flow showed high concentrations of total Hg (THg) in water due to more particles being re-suspended and transported. The concentrations of major anions (e.g., Cl??, F??, NO3?? and SO4 2??) were lower during higher flow due to dilution. Due to both sedimentation of particles and dilution from tributaries the concentration of THg decreased from 2100 ng/L to background levels (< 50 ng/L) within 10 km distance downstream. Sedimentation is the main reason for the fast decrease of the concentration, it accounts for 69% and 60% for higher flow and lower flow regimes respectively in the upper part of the stream. Speciation calculation of the dissolved Hg fraction (DHg) (using Visual MINTEQ) showed that Hg(OH)2 associated with dissolved organic matter is the main form of Hg in dissolved phase in surface waters in Wanshan (over 95%).     

新疆新型农村合作医疗制度运行分析

健康水平的提高对于农民贫困的缓解、增加收入具有重要的作用,健康权被看做是一种重要的人类"可行能力",在当前我国农村地区.新型农村合作医疗是保障这项最基本可行能力的最重要的制度基础.新型农村合作医疗制度的有效运行,将有助于合作医疗制度秉持公平和保障最基本健康的制度理念并保证包括少数民族农民在内的全体农民健康的实现.而在当前新疆民族地区存在来自自然、经济、社会等方面的制度运行约束,阻碍了新型农村合作医疗制度的平稳、有效运行.该文全面分析了这些制度运行障碍,详细阐述了新疆农村地区自然环境恶劣、卫生设施落后、农民健康保健意识差、农民收入增速缓慢、民族之间语言障碍等因素,并提出了发展民族医药、重视预防保健、改革补偿模式、加强双语教育、探索新时期赤脚医生制度、完善医疗救助制度6项对策.     

新疆农村贫困问题及其最低生活保障制度

当前导致农民贫困主要原因是社会原因,即社会保障制度不完善、教育不公平与权利不平等。正在实施的农村最低生活保障制度是保障公民的基本的生活权利和维护其最低生活需要所建立的社会救助制度,是社会保障体系的最后一道安全网。论文分析了新疆农村贫困人口数量和最低生活保障制度运行现状,认为导致新疆农村贫困的原因是:农村教育落后、公共卫生条件差、农民权利的缺乏、自然环境恶化、市场因素和农村社会保障不健全六个方面。论文提出了新疆农村低保制度存在的问题,即制度理念不科学、制度不完善、保障水平低、资金缺乏、缺乏其他社会保障制度的衔接性等。在此基础上分析了新疆农村低保制度改革与发展方向,即增强贫困人口的发展能力,注重发挥其主体作用,农村低保应与其它社会保障项目相结合,增加农村公共产品供给,完善农村低保制度的管理机制等。低保制度的不断完善,对提高各族农民生活水平、加强民族团结、实现社会稳定、促进社会公平、构建和谐社会等方面发挥重要作用。     

基于仿生防护技术的海底管线悬空治理研究

针对海底管线悬空对海洋油气田安全生产的严重威胁及其对海洋环境构成的重大隐患,文章以海底管线周围的局部冲刷及其冲刷防护与控制技术为研究对象,从海底管线冲刷机理入手,分析了管线一次悬空和二次悬空的原因,从模型实验和工程实践两方面开展仿生防护技术治理海底管线悬空研究,利用高分子材料仿生草叶片的柔性黏滞阻尼作用,减缓流速,降低水流的携沙能力,最终达到固沙、填沙、保护管线的目的。