十年打造SuperMap三大技术体系

2000年10月30日,历时4年研发的全组件式GIS平台软件Su-perMap 2000正式公开发布,Su-perMap 2000因其大型全组件式的创新定位,引起了业界关注。随后几年,基于组件的GIS二次开发逐渐被业界广泛接受。超图正是抓住了GIS组件化的技术变革机遇,为以后的快速发展奠定了基础。     

Mesh area vis-à-vis blast performance in a limestonequarry of the Philippines

The present research paper is a case study in a limestone quarry in the Philippines where major problems in terms of improper fragmentation (large boulder count and poor pay-loader performance), poor wall control, and poor heave characteristics of the muck pile were witnessed. The paper highlights the role of modifying the firing pattern and, also, the application of stemming plug without incorporating any change in the stemming column length due to which incremental expansion in the mesh area could be implemented to determine the optimum mesh area. The optimum mesh area, due to the said changes in the blast design, was considerably larger in comparison to the pre-existing mesh area. The study has also highlighted the importance of indirect methods for characterizing and precisely adjudging the blast performance.     

The adjustment of the wind field to small scale topography in a numerical weather prediction model

Numerical experiments are performed to test one reasonably economical method of producing regional forecasts. Starting with initial conditions interpolated from a 20 hour coarse grid Northern Hemisphere forecast, a fine mesh model is integrated for a further period of 4 hours over a limited area. The fine mesh is located over the north‐eastern part of North America and its resolution is sufficient to re‐produce topographic features such as the St. Lawrence and Richelieu Valleys. The resulting forecast at hour 24 is then compared with the coarse mesh prediction for the same time. The comparison reveals how the horizontal and vertical components of the wind are affected by the small scale topography. In particular, the channelling effect of the main valleys is demonstrated.     

Foreword

Abstract

Climatic simulations suggest that only slight changes in climatic variability are likely to be induced owing to greenhouse warming, and that these changes will project onto existing modes of climatic variability. A lesser studied aspect of the interaction of climatic variability with climatic change is how such a mutual interaction manifests itself as interannual climatic fluctuations. A number of examples are examined in this paper using simulations made with the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Mark 2 coupled climatic model. The simulations included an ensemble based on four Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) cases, as well as individual ensembles for two selected SRES cases. In general, the intra‐ensemble variability for a given SRES case was quite similar to the inter‐ensemble variability of the four individual SRES cases. Time series of selected climatic variability and probability density function displays are used to illustrate the character of climatic variability for simulations out to 2100. Other examples include variations in droughts and pluvial events, and associated runoff, as the greenhouse effect progresses. The differing responses in the frequency of dry events among four SRES cases are also illustrated. The outbreak of cold events around 2050 is used to highlight the impact of climatic variability. Finally, case studies involving two large‐scale climatic phenomena are used to show the ongoing dominance of climatic variability.     

Maintenance of the fisheries environment and efforts to increase the resources in the coastal waters of Japan

The paper describes the present status of Japan's coastal fisheries resource and the anthropogenic threats to that resource. The increasing industrialization and urbanization of the Japanese coastal fringe has created threats to the important fish and shellfish resource. Legislative mechanisms, such as quality standards, together with an increasing mariculture are used to ensure the sustainable development of the coast.     

Strategies for managing reservoir sedimentation

Sediment deposition in reservoirs has caused the loss of 66% of the reservoir capacity in China. The main sedimentation control strategies are： 1） storing the clear water and releasing the turbid water; 2） releasing turbidity currents; 3） Draw-down flushing and empty flushing; and 4） dredging, The paper summarizes these strategies with examples. Sediment transport in many Chinese rivers occurs mostly during the 2-4 month flood season, that is, 80-90% of the annual sediment load is transported with 50-60% of the annual runoff. By storing the clear water after the flood season and releasing the turbid water during the flood season, less sediment deposits in the reservoir while the reservoir is still able to store enough water for power generation in the low flow season. The Three Gorges and Sanmenxia reservoirs apply this strategy and control sedimentation effectively. Turbidity currents have become the main sedimentation control strategy for the Xiaolangdi Reservoir. Empty flushing involves reservoir draw-down to temporarily establish riverine flow along the impound reach, flushing the eroded sediment through the outlets. Case studies with the Hengshan Reservoir and Zhuwo Reservoir are presented. Jet dredgers have been used to agitate the reservoir deposit so that the deposit is released from the reservoir with currents. The sediment releasing efficiency is 30-100% for storing the clear and releasing the turbid; 6-40 % for turbidity current; and 2,400-5,500% for empty flushing. Empty flushing causes high ecological stress on the ecosystem to the downstream reaches. Storing the clear and releasing the turbid is the best strategy to control reservoir sedimentation while achieving hydro-power benefit and maintain ecological stability.