P91、P92坯料扩氢退火工艺研究

根据挤压坯料扩氢退火理论,试验优化了P91、P92坯料的扩氢退火工艺曲线,退火时间明显下降,坯料退火后的H含量大幅降低,低倍无白点缺陷,退火组织均匀,各项技术指标满足工艺要求。     

Spatial competition and regulatory change in the grain handling and transportation system in western Canada

The grain handling and transportation system (GHTS) has been a defining component of the western Canadian economy since the early part of the last century. Only two major railways serve the grain handling industry, so the potential for the exercise of market power in transportation appears to be significant. In fact, spatially oriented regulations applicable to railways exist in Canada to mitigate this, but to date they have not often been used by shippers. While the reasons for this are not completely clear, we suggest that the regulations are now inadequate for the current state of the GHTS. Using a unique data set from the year 2000, we assess the effect on the grain handling industry of modifications to these regulations, and find that significant gains for shippers from these modifications are possible. These gains are computed to be on the order of C$10–15 million per year for grain shippers alone. We would like to thank conference and presentation participants (Transportation Research Board, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society, University of British Columbia, University of Leeds and California State University, Long Beach) as well as the anonymous reviewers who commented on the earlier versions of this paper. We would also like to acknowledge support from the Saskatchewan Department of Highways.     

P92大规格钢锭锻制管坯穿管断裂致因分析

摘要：某钢厂生产的P92大规格钢锭锻制管坯常出现穿管后产生裂纹的现象,为了探究裂纹产生的原因,在断裂管坯裂纹及附近区域取样,使用金相显微镜与扫描电镜分析裂纹宏观形貌和成分,并进行夹杂物评级与成分分布分析,对无裂纹产品进行高温拉伸试验,考察热制度是否合理。结果表明:穿管断裂样品均存在夹杂物评级超标的问题,未能在精炼过程上浮去除的脱氧产物与卷渣形成的大型夹杂物在穿管过程中引起应力集中,导致裂纹萌生、扩展。针对脱氧产物未被去除的问题,对钙质脱氧剂和铝脱氧剂的加入量进行调整,并延长RH处理结束的弱搅拌时间。针对卷渣带入的夹杂物,对保护渣成分进行优化,选用低熔点保护渣。结果表明这些措施较好地解决了裂纹萌生的问题,产品夹杂物评级合格,大尺寸夹杂物数量大为减少。     

厚壁P92钢管道焊接接头中频感应热处理的应用实践

火力发电厂1000 MW机组主蒸汽厚壁P92钢管道焊接接头焊后热处理在火电建设工程中技术要求较高,尤其是壁厚大于100 mm的P92钢管道焊接接头。通过中频感应加热对1000 MW二次再热机组的壁厚为118 mm的主蒸汽P92钢管焊接接头进行了管道试样的焊后热处理。结果表明,热处理后焊缝及母材组织正常,焊缝硬度符合标准要求;同时依据试样管焊后热处理发现的问题提出了优化措施,在施工过程中降低升温速度和恒温温度、增加保温宽度,实现了121个同类型焊接接头焊后热处理一次合格。厚壁P92钢管道焊接接头中频感应热处理方案的成功应用,可为后续同类型部件的焊后热处理提供借鉴。     

稀土CeCl3对耐热钢Ni2Al3/Ni复合涂层抗氧化性的影响

本文采用电镀镍、低温包埋渗铝在P92铁素体耐热钢表面制备不同稀土Ce含量的Ni-Al化合物复合涂层,并对复合涂层进行650 ℃×132 h的抗氧化实验。利用OM、SEM、EDS、XRD,分析涂层氧化前后的截面微观形貌,化学元素分布及物相变化规律。结果表明：涂层的氧化动力学曲线均符合抛物线规律。不含Ce的复合涂层平均氧化速率为0.4412×10-6 g/cm2/s,渗铝剂中加入2%CeCl3的涂层抗氧化性明显增强,平均氧化速率为0.2957×10-6 g/cm2/s,而加入过量CeCl3（4%、6%）则会在氧化过程中产生更多的孔洞,恶化了涂层的高温抗氧化性能,氧化速率相对加入2 % CeCl3的涂层有所升高。另外涂层中加入Ce元素增加了氧化膜的粘附性,对Al元素的向内扩散具有抑制作用。     

短半径厚壁弯头成型工艺研究

短半径弯头成形变比很大,故采用两次热压方式成形,本文采用新钢种A335P92,介绍了其加工性能并对原来使用的厚壁弯头热压成形工艺提出了改进方法,改进后的厚壁弯头热压成形工艺具有减少模具制造成本、成形操作简单、降低劳动强度和提高成形质量的优点。     

Formation and O2/CO2 combustion characteristics of real-environment coal char in high-temperature oxy-fuel conditions

Oxygen-fuel combustion is a promising technology for CO₂ emission reduction. The high-temperature entrained flow reactor and high-temperature drop tube furnace were used to analyses the formation and O₂/CO₂ combustion characteristics of real-environment coal char in high-temperature oxy-fuel conditions. It proposed “inflection point standard” of high-temperature flame method for the preparation of real-environmental oxy-fuel coal char according to the flame method. The results show that the ratios of C=O/C-O and C=O/C_ar increase in the coal char compared with the raw coals. The trend of C=O/C_ar in oxy-fuel condition is opposite to that in the inert atmosphere, due to the effect of high-concentration CO₂. To achieve the burnout rate similar to air combustion for coal char, with the increase of coal rank, the O₂ concentration should be enhanced. The optimal O₂ concentration for the oxy-fuel combustion of JC anthracite is 30%, while that of other low-rank coals could be lower than 30%. The combustion characteristic of JC anthracite is with the highest sensitivity to temperature and O₂ concentration.     

Oxide scale damage and spallation in P92 martensitic steel

Abstract

9 Cr martensitic steels are widely used in high temperature steam environments for their combination of creep strength and oxidation resistance. These materials are pushed to their limit in the quest for higher efficiencies in boilers and steam turbines and loss of the protective oxide scale may result in premature failure of critical components.

The major cause of oxide scale spallation is a temperature drop. The mechanism behind the spallation process is the generation of internal stresses in the oxide scale due to the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients between the substrate and the haematite, magnetite and spinel layers in the oxide scale. These scales can be partially relaxed due to creep processes if the cooling rate is sufficiently slow.

Specimens of P92 have been oxidised in flowing steam for periods up to 2000 h and cooled at a linear rate of 100°C h–1. Acoustic emission (AE) of the samples was monitored during the oxidation and cooling periods. Specimens were sectioned and prepared metallographically and the damage in each layer of the oxide scale was examined. The spall from the specimens was also collected and characterised.

The damage observed in the oxide scale and the AE signals have been explained by comparison with a simple stress analysis arising from thermal expansion mismatch. Future work will extend the modelling approach to incorporate creep relaxation effects.     

P92耐热钢δ-铁素体内的析出相

用透射电镜、扫描电镜和X射线能谱仪对P92钢在不同时效状态下δ-铁素体内的析出相进行了分析,结果表明,δ-铁素体内包含两种析出相,分别为VN与Laves相。VN呈短棒状,尺寸20～70 nm,较为稳定,Laves相平均等效直径在600℃下随时间的增加则有较大改变。此外,研究表明P92钢中的Laves相不但在晶界与亚晶界上析出,也在δ-铁素体晶内析出。