我国政府大数据政策价值取向的分析研究

[目的/意义] 大数据政策是大数据应用和发展的推动力量，其价值取向分析可以为我国政府大数据政策的制定、执行和评估提供借鉴，为大数据政策未来的发展方向提供依据。[方法/过程] 收集国务院及其各部门门户网站发布的政务大数据政策文本共计58份，运用主题分析方法对政策文本中表达政务大数据价值取向的主题进行编码分析，编码过程以NVivo12软件为辅助工具。[结果/结论] 通过主题分析，构建大数据政策价值取向总体框架，框架总结政治、经济、社会、生态与科技5个维度的价值取向，并探讨各维度及其具体价值取向间的交互关系。     

数据管理与数据治理的比较分析及其对制定科学数据开放共享政策的启示

[目的/意义] 比较分析数据管理与数据治理差异与联系，为制定科学数据开放共享政策提供参考。[方法/过程] 运用比较分析法，解析数据管理与数据治理在定义与内涵、功能、目标、原则、焦点领域5个方面的异同，由此解析其对制定我国科学数据开放共享政策的启示。[结果/结论] 数据管理与数据治理在定义与内涵、功能、目标、原则、焦点领域上都有显著差异，但两者也有内在联系。数据治理是成功实施数据管理的关键。认清两者的关系有助于明晰目前我国科学数据管理政策的不足之处，为今后完善科学数据管理办法提供参考，从而规划与制定实用的科学数据开放共享细则。     

科技人力资本视角下杰青科学家资助年龄对资助效果的影响——以杰青基金地球科学项目为例

[目的/意义] 杰青基金实施25年来，资助者年龄呈大龄化趋势发展，深入分析该现象对完成杰青基金的影响，对未来杰青基金管理具有重要意义。[方法/过程] 研究以1994-2018年杰青基金地球科学项目为研究对象，构建科研论文产出效率、创新能力和学术影响力三个评价指标，提出"科技人力资本投入-科研产出"理论模型及假设，采用DID模型克服样本选择性偏误所导致的内生性问题，验证理论假设，实现对杰青基金资助年龄异质性的研究。[结果/结论] 实证结果表明：杰青科学家大龄化趋势日趋严重，存在明显的45岁现象；杰青基金实施20年中，支持"资助年龄越大，资助效应越好"假设的比例较低；三个评价指标维度，资助效应最大且资助年龄在39-42岁之间的年份在杰青基金实施20年中所占比例最大。因此，无论从杰青基金设立宗旨、还是从评估结果来看，都应该避免杰青科学家大龄化趋势，扩大对中低龄优秀青年人才的资助。     

When research assessment exercises leave room for opportunistic behavior by the subjects under evaluation

This study inserts in the stream of research on the perverse effects that PBRF systems can induce in the subjects evaluated. The authors’ opinion is that more often than not, it is the doubtful scientific basis of the evaluation criteria that leave room for opportunistic behaviors. The work examines the 2004–2010 Italian national research assessment (VQR) to test the lack of possible opportunistic behavior by universities in order to limit the penalization of their performance (and funding) due to the presence of scientifically unproductive professors in faculty. In particular, institutions may have favored “gift authorship” practices. The analysis thus focuses on the output of professors who were unproductive in the VQR publication window, but became productive (“new productives”) in the following five years. A number of universities show a higher than average share of publications by new productives that are in co-authorship exclusively with colleagues from the same university. Although this might be thought to reflect opportunistic behavior by universities, the empirical evidence does not support this assumption.     

Examining the effects of news coverage linking undocumented immigrants with criminality: Policy and punitive implications

Although research suggests that there is no meaningful real-world connection between crime rates and undocumented immigrants, media coverage of this group almost exclusively portrays them as criminals. The present two-study investigation experimentally tests the effects of exposure to crime news depicting undocumented immigrant suspects on White viewers’ social judgments. To this end, assumptions from social identity theory were applied to research and theorizing on mediated intergroup threat and compound penalties for immigrant criminality. Results from Study 1 and Study 2 indicate that when White viewers are exposed to threatening crime news featuring undocumented immigrants, out-group bias emerges in the form of harsher sentencing. In Study 1, when exposed to highly threatening coverage, attitudes toward immigration and in-group identification partially mediated and moderated this relationship, respectively.     

How liberals and conservatives respond to feasibility and desirability appeals in anti-tobacco campaigns

Using two experiments, this study aims to investigate how politically liberal or conservative message recipients respond to anti-tobacco appeals. The results show that in Study 1, respondents were exposed to a message about price policy. In Study 2, they were exposed to a message about a warning policy. In both studies, liberal participants more favorably evaluated anti-tobacco messages emphasizing feasibility rather than desirability, whereas conservative participants more positively evaluated messages emphasizing desirability rather than feasibility. Implications for policymakers and marketers are discussed.     

研究数据管理服务框架研究与构建:以北京大学为例

[目的/意义]通过数据驱动研究的海内外环境扫描,研究数据管理服务的国内外进展,提出研究数据管理服务框架和服务研究生命周期的建议,并以北京大学图书馆的实践为例,为高校与科研机构提供研究数据管理服务、推动数据驱动研究提供研究与实践参考经验。[方法/过程]调研国内外数据驱动研究现状和趋势,分析研究数据管理服务国内外发展情况,指出研究数据管理服务的重要性。通过对用户调查和QS排名前50名的大学服务的调研,总结服务需求。根据数据驱动研究范式特点和研究者需求,依据国家、国际组织、资助机构和科研机构的数据政策要求,基于研究数据生命周期需要服务于研究生命周期,提出研究数据管理服务框架设计。介绍北京大学研究数据管理服务框架体系建设经验,为研究数据管理服务框架体系建设提供建议。[结果/结论]基于需求调研设计支持学术交流全过程的研究数据管理服务框架,研究数据管理服务应包括：数据管理计划、数据服务、数据管理、数据素养、长期保存和数据政策等。在该框架下北京大学图书馆从多方面开展研究数据服务实践,为高校与科研机构建设研究数据管理服务提供有价值的参考经验。     

国家政策与学术前沿的嬗变——2016年前后智库研究文献的比较分析

[目的/意义]对智库研究从学术边缘走向前沿的主要原因进行探讨,以论证国家政策变化是促进哲学社会科学学术前沿嬗变的重要因素之一。[研究设计/方法]利用文献计量学方法,对2016年前后的智库研究文献的形式特征和内容变化进行了基于数据的深入分析。[结论/发现]在国家需要和项目引导下,不同学科的学者都开始涉足并从不同视角加强了智库研究。2016年后,智库研究成果加速增长,研究主题日益多元,从学术边缘走到了学术前沿。[创新/价值]以从学术边缘走向前沿的智库研究为切入点,通过文献计量分析方法,分析论证了国家政策变化与学术前沿变化之间的关系。     

预印本平台数据开放共享政策的内容构成与特点剖析

[目的 /意义]开放科学环境下,探究预印本平台的数据开放共享政策有助于保障科研利益相关者的数据质量,推动研究数据更加开放、共享、安全与透明。[方法 /过程]基于研究团队跟踪的125个预印本平台中共63份数据开放共享政策文本,利用网络调查与文本分析的方法进行内容挖掘与特点剖析。[结果 /结论 ]通过分析得出预印本平台的数据开放共享政策在数据创建、数据存储、数据发布、数据访问、数据重用5个阶段的主要特征,为更多预印本平台在未来制定完备的数据开放共享政策提供切入点与参考思路。     

Political ideology and information technology in government online communication

Government agencies are directed to communicate objective and scientific information to the public, but studies show that political ideology may play a role in how much information governments provide. In this paper I argue that the ideology of a head administrator, and its alignment with agency mission, can restrict the kinds of information that government agencies provide, which may or may not amount to a type of regulatory capture. This impact may also be moderated by the specific media in which the communication takes place. I explore this theory via a case study of the United States Environmental Protection Agency online communication over a period of 32 months, during the years of 2013–2014, under the Democratic Administrator Gina McCarthy, and 2017–2018, under the Republican Administrator Scott Pruitt, via topical terms and document analyses of Twitter posts and web news releases. The information—topics, policies and issues—remain largely consistent across administrations and media channels, but notable distinctions are observed that point to the political ideologies of administrators in office, including a restriction of relevant scientific information on climate change during the misaligned administrator. Moreover, results show differences across media types which may reflect speed and popularity affordances of Twitter compared to website communication. I conclude by discussing the importance of policies to protect against ideological partisanship, and how social media may be better used as tools in government information policy and online communication.