江苏冬季降水相态气候分布特征及预报方法探讨

利用1981-2010年南京、徐州、射阳逐日探空资料和地面观测资料,在分析冬季雨日、雪日、雨夹雪日气候特点的基础上,运用厚度分析的方法进一步研究江苏冬季不同降水相态的预报指标.结果表明:厚度分析能被用来识别降水相态(雨、雪),1 000～850 hPa厚度阈值1 292 gpm可以作为江苏冬季区分雨、雪的一个重要参考指标.同时结合地面温度和850 hPa温度可以较准确的判定降水的相态,即1 000～ 850 hPa厚度≤1 292 gpm,且T850≤-3℃,T≤2℃时,判定为雪;反之,则为雨.另外,地面湿球温度在雨雪区分上也是一个很有参考价值的指标.     

太湖地区气溶胶光学厚度的分布及其在大气校正中的应用

采用太湖地区水面光谱数据以及MODIS遥感影像数据,利用辐射传输模式6S,选择自定义气溶胶类型,反演得到太湖地区气溶胶光学厚度(aerosol optical depth,AOD)分布,将其与太阳光度计CE318实测气溶胶光学厚度分别应用于太湖区域的大气校正中,得到不同的水面反射率,并参考实测水面反射率进行对比分析。结果表明:反演的太湖地区气溶胶光学厚度分布较为合理,造成此分布的原因可能是太湖北岸工业较发达,污染较严重。太湖颗粒物的吸收特性和卫星接收到的表观反射率导致反演数据的差异,是反演气溶胶光学厚度分布不均匀的主要原因。使用MODIS数据反演得到的太湖地区AOD进行大气校正,更加精确。该研究方法和结果可为气溶胶光学厚度反演、精确卫星数据大气校正提供参考。     

四川盆地最大混合层厚度与大气污染物浓度的关系

基于2015～2018年四川盆地温江站、宜宾站、达川站和沙坪坝站的探空和地面观测资料以及同期AQI、6种主要污染物(SO₂、NO₂、CO、O₃、PM_2.5、PM₁₀)质量浓度资料,使用逐步逼近法计算得到了四川盆地成都、宜宾、达州、重庆四城市的每日最大混合层厚度(Maximum mixing depth,MMD),并对其时间变化特征及其与各种污染物浓度之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明,四川盆地年平均MMD约1200m。季节变化明显,春夏高、秋冬低。9月至次年1月MMD相对较小。相关分析显示,剔除降水影响后,MMD与AQI、PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO浓度均呈负相关,而与O₃浓度显著正相关。在污染最为严重的冬季,MMD明显低于春夏季节。MMD越小、颗粒物浓度越高。低MMD大大压缩了近地面污染物的扩散空间,污染物在有限的空间内不断累积、浓度增大。      

陕西关中气溶胶对大气能见度的影响研究

为了研究大气污染对能见度的影响,利用MODIS卫星气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol Optical Depth,AOD)产品、陕西关中地区43个气象观测站能见度资料、西安泾河太阳光度计CE318气溶胶观测资料以及泾河站风速、相对湿度、能见度观测资料,分别分析了卫星MODIS/AOD和地基CE318/AOD与能见度、低能见度日数的关系以及在不同风速、相对湿度时AOD与能见度的关系。结果表明,陕西关中MODIS/AOD的空间分布与能见度分布具有明显对应关系,冬、春季AOD与08:00(北京时,下同)能见度相关最好,夏、秋季AOD与14:00能见度相关最好。去除降水因素后,空气中颗粒物污染是造成秋、冬季出现低能见度的主要原因。地基观测的气溶胶波长指数在0.8~1.2之间时对能见度的影响最大。空气中颗粒物造成的能见度下降与相对湿度密切相关,湿度越大,能见度下降越明显。风速小,大气中的颗粒物容易聚集,使能见度变差;风速大,有利于空气中颗粒物扩散,使能见度得到改善。用AOD估算能见度时,需要考虑大气相对湿度和风速的影响。     

Aerosol Type Identification Using PARASOL Multichannel Polarized Data

PARASOL （Polarization ＆ Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences coupled with Ob- servations from a Lidar） multi-channel and mul- ti-directional polarized data for different aerosol types were compared. The PARASOL polarized radiance data at 490 nm, 670 nm, and 865 nm increased with aerosol optical thickness （AOT） for fine-mode aerosols; however, the polarized radiances at 490 nm and 670 nm decreased as AOT increased for coarse dust aerosols. Thus, the vari- ation of the polarized radiance with AOT can be used to identify fine or coarse particle-dominated aerosols. Polar- ized radiances at three wavelengths for fine- and coarse-mode aerosols were analyzed and fitted by linear regression. The slope of the line for 670 nm and 490 nm wavelength pairs is less than 0.35 for dust aerosols. However, the value for fine-mode aerosols is greater than 0.60. The Support Vector Machine method （SVM） based on 12 vector features was used to discriminate clear sky, coarse dust aerosols, fine-mode aerosols, and cloud. Two cases were given and validated by AErosol RObotic NETwork （AERONET） measurements, MODIS （Mod- erate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer） FMF （Fine Mode Fraction at 550 nm） images, PARASOL RGB （Red Green Blue） images, and CALIOP （Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization） VFM （Vertical Feature Mask） data.     

Dispersal of the Zhujiang River (Pearl River) derived sediment in the Holocene

High-resolution Chirp profiling and coring reveals an elongated(ca. 400 km) Holocene Zhujiang River(Pearl River)-derived mud area(maximum thickness 20 m) extending from the Zhujiang River Delta, southwestward off the Guangdong coast, to the Leizhou Peninsula. Two depo-centers, one proximal and one distal, are identified. On the continental shelf off the west Guangdong Province, the mud is deposited in water depth shallower than 50 m; while to the southeast of the Zhujiang River Estuary, the mud area can extend to the-120 m isobath. A combined analysis with the stratigraphic sequences of other muddy deposits in the Western Pacific marginal seas(mainly Changjiang(Yangtze) and Huanghe(Yellow) Rivers derived) indicates that the initiation of the Zhujiang River muddy deposit can be further divided into two stages: Stage 1 is before the mid-Holocene sea-level highstand(ca. 7.0 cal. ka BP), the proximal mud was mostly deposited after 9.0 cal. ka BP, when the sea-level rose slowly after the Meltwater Pulse-1C; Stage 2, after the mid-Holocene sealevel highstand, clinoform developed on the continental shelf off the west Guangdong Province, extending ca. 400 km from the Zhujiang River Estuary. The proximal clinoform thins offshore, from ca. 10 m thickness around 5–10 m water depth to less than 1–2 m around 20–30 m water depth. In addition, we also find a developed distal clinoform in the east of the Leizhou Peninsula.     

基于卫星高度计的北极海冰厚度变化研究

A modified algorithm taking into account the first year(FY) and multiyear(MY) ice densities is used to derive a sea ice thickness from freeboard measurements acquired by satellite altimetry ICESat(2003–2008). Estimates agree with various independent in situ measurements within 0.21 m. Both the fall and winter campaigns see a dramatic extent retreat of thicker MY ice that survives at least one summer melting season. There were strong seasonal and interannual variabilities with regard to the mean thickness. Seasonal increases of 0.53 m for FY the ice and 0.29 m for the MY ice between the autumn and the winter ICESat campaigns, roughly 4–5 month separation, were found. Interannually, the significant MY ice thickness declines over the consecutive four ICESat winter campaigns(2005–2008) leads to a pronounced thickness drop of 0.8 m in MY sea ice zones. No clear trend was identified from the averaged thickness of thinner, FY ice that emerges in autumn and winter and melts in summer. Uncertainty estimates for our calculated thickness, caused by the standard deviations of multiple input parameters including freeboard, ice density, snow density, snow depth, show large errors more than 0.5 m in thicker MY ice zones and relatively small standard deviations under 0.5 m elsewhere. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis is implemented to determine the separate impact on the thickness estimate in the dependence of an individual input variable as mentioned above. The results show systematic bias of the estimated ice thickness appears to be mainly caused by the variations of freeboard as well as the ice density whereas the snow density and depth brings about relatively insignificant errors.     

广州市食用鱼体内PCBs和DDTs的残留水平及食用风险评估

研究了广州市场7种食用鱼体中多氯联苯(polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)和滴滴涕(dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane,DDTs)的残留水平、组成特征及其人体饮食暴露风险。结果表明,PCBs和DDTs在广州食用鱼体中普遍检出,其浓度范围分别为71~1488和695~38044pg·g-1(湿重)。鱼体中PCBs和DDTs浓度均与脂肪含量存在极显著的正相关关系,表明高的脂肪含量有利于鱼体中PCBs和DDTs的富集。不同食性鱼体间PCBs和DDTs含量存在显著差异(p0.001)。鱼体中PCBs主要单体为PCB 28和PCB 153,DDTs的主要成分为2,2-双(p-氯苯基)-1,1-二氯乙烯(p,p′-DDE)和2,2-双(p-氯苯基)-1,1-二氯乙烷(p,p′-DDD)。81.3%的鱼样中(DDE+DDD)/∑DDTs比值大于0.5,表明鱼体内DDTs主要是由历史残留所致。居民摄食广州市场鱼类对PCBs和DDTs的每日暴露量分别为1.93~71.9和23.0~1875.6ng·d-1。     

Thickness distribution and extent of sea ice and snow in Prydz Bay and surrounding waters observed in 2012/2013 austral summer

Three ship-based observational campaigns were conducted to survey sea ice and snow in Prydz Bay and the surrounding waters(64.40°S–69.40°S, 76.11°E–81.29°E) from 28 November 2012 to 3 February 2013. In this paper, we present the sea ice extent and its variation, and the ice and snow thickness distributions and their variations with time in the observed zone. In the pack ice zone, the southern edge of the pack ice changed little, whereas the northern edge retreated significantly during the two earlier observation periods. Compared with the pack ice, the fast ice exhibited a significantly slower variation in extent with its northernmost edge retreating southwards by 6.7 km at a rate of 0.37 km?d-1. Generally, ice showed an increment in thickness with increasing latitude from the end of November to the middle of December. Ice and snow thickness followed an approximate normal distribution during the two earlier observations(79.7±28.9 cm, 79.1±19.1 cm for ice thickness, and 11.6±6.1 cm, 9.6±3.4 cm for snow thickness, respectively), and the distribution tended to be more concentrated in mid-December than in late November. The expected value of ice thickness decreased by 0.6 cm, whereas that of snow thickness decreased by 2 cm from 28 November to 18 December 2012. Ice thickness distribution showed no obvious regularity between 31 January and 3 February, 2013.