Dynamics of a fringe mangrove forest detected by Landsat images in the Mekong River Delta,Vietnam

Mangrove forests dominate many tropical coastlines and are one of the most bio‐diverse and productive environments on Earth. However, little is known of the large‐scale dynamics of mangrove canopies and how they colonize intertidal areas. Here we focus on a fringe mangrove forest located in the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam; a fast prograding shoreline where mangroves are encroaching tidal flats. The spatial and temporal evolution of the mangrove canopy is studied using a time series of Landsat images spanning two decades as well as Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) elevation data. Our results show that fast mangrove expansion is followed by an increase in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in the newly established canopy. We observe three different dynamics of the mangrove fringe: in the southwest part of the fringe, near a deltaic distributary where the fringe boundary is linear, the canopy expands uniformly on the tidal flats with a high colonization rate and high NDVI values. In the northeast part of the fringe, near another distributary, the canopy expands at a much lower rate with low NDVI values. In the fringe center, far from the river mouths, the fringe boundary is highly irregular and mangroves expansion in characterized by sparse vegetated patches displaying low NDVI values. We ascribe these different dynamics to wave action and southwest longshore transport triggered by energetic northeasterly monsoons during winter. We further link the large‐scale dynamics of the fringe to small‐scale physical disturbances (waves, erosion and deposition) that might prevent the establishment of mangrove seedlings. Based on these results, we include mangrove encroachment in an already published conceptual model of progradation of the Mekong River Delta. We conclude that high NDVI values and a constantly linear vegetation–water interface are indicative of stable mangrove canopies undergoing fast expansion, probably triggered by sediment availability at the shore. Our results can be applied more generally to mangrove forests growing in minerogenic and high tidal range environments with high sediment inputs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

GEOMORPHIC FEATURES OF THE SHULE RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN IN QILIANSHAN AND ITS INSIGHT INTO TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS

Because of the strong uplift of the Qilian Shan since late Cenozoic,the drainage basins that are derived from the mountains have undergone strong tectonic deformation.So the typical geomorphology characteristics of these drainage basins may indicate the strong tectonic movement in the region.For example,the Shule River drainage basin,which originates from the western part of the Qilian Shan owns unique geomorphology characteristics which may indicate the neotectonic movement. Stream networks of the Shule drainage basin extracted from the DEM data based on GIS spatial analysis technology are graded into five levels using Strahler classification method.Four sub-catchments,numbered 1,2,3 and 4 are chosen for detailed analysis.Furthermore,the four sub-catchments,the hypsometric integral curves,Hack profiles,SL index and average slope of the Shule drainage basin are determined by GIS tools.In addition,we analyzed the slope spectrum of the Shule drainage basin. The average elevation of the Shule drainage basin is very high,however,the slope of the drainage basin is very low,the gentle slope occupies so large area proportion that the slope spectrum shows a unimodal pattern and a peak value is in low slope region (0°~5°),so tectonic movement has a strong influence on the drainage basin.Under the intensive impact of the tectonic movement of the active fault and regional uplift,the hypsometric integral curve is sigmoid,revealing that the Shule drainage basin is in the mature stage.The Hack profile is on a convex,the longitudinal profile is best fitted by linear fitting and the abnormal data of the SL index of the Shule River has a good fit with the section through which the active fault traverses,that means the tectonic movement of the active fault has strong influence on the river's SL index.It is worth noting that lithologic factors also have great impact on the river geomorphology in some sections. According to the above analysis,we recognize that in the interior of active orogen,the evolution of river geomorphology usually is influenced by tectonic movement and reveals the regional neotectonics in turn.     

GEOMORPHIC FEATURES OF THE HEIHE RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN IN WESTERN QILIAN SHAN-HEXI CORRIDOR AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS

Using quantitative geomorphic factors for regional active tectonic evolution is becoming more and more popular. Qilian Mountains-Hexi Corridor which locates in the northern edge of Qinghai-Tibet plateau is the most leading edge of the plateau's northward extension. The uplift rate of all segments and the intensity of influence from tectonic activity are the important evidences to understand the uplift and extension of the plateau. Heihe River Basin is located at the northern piedmont of the western segment of Qilian Mountains, the development of the rivers is influenced by the tectonic activity of the Qilian Mountains, and the unique river morphology is important carriers of the regional tectonic uplift. Geomorphologic indexes such as hypsometric integral, geomorphologic comentropy and river longitudinal profiles were extracted by GIS tools with free access to the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission(SRTM)DEMs, and according to the different expression of the geomorphological indexes in the Heihe River Basin, we divided the drainage basin into two parts and further compared them to each other. Recent studies reveal that obvious differences exist in the landscape factors(hypsometric integral, geomorphology entropy and river profiles)in the east and west part of the Heihe Basin. The structural intensity of the west part is stronger than that of the east, for example, in areas above the main planation surface on the western part, the average HI value is 0.337 8, and on the eastern part the HI value is 0.355. Accordingly, areas under the main planation surface are just on the contrary, indicating different structural strength on both sides. Similar phenomenon exists in the whole drainage basins. Furthermore, by comparing the fitting river profiles with the real river profiles, differential uplift is derived, which indicates a difference between west and east(with 754m on the western part and 219m on the east). Comprehensive comparison and analysis show that the lithologic factors and precipitation conditions are less influencing on the geomorphic factors of the study area, and the tectonic activities, indicated by field investigation and GPS inversion, are the most important element for geomorphic evolution and development. The variation of the geomorphologic indexes indicates different tectonic strength derived from regional structures of the Qilian Shan.     

青海日月山断裂德州段断错地貌的高分辨率遥感影像解译

青海日月山断裂带是青藏高原东北缘柴达木—祁连活动地块内部的一条NNW走向的右旋走滑兼逆冲断裂。 本文基于ENVI 5.1遥感图像处理平台对研究区高分一号多光谱(分辨率8 m)和全色(分辨率2 m)影像进行融合, 获取了高保真、 高分辨率的卫星遥感影像。 通过多尺度、 多角度、 多层次的构造解译以及对比, 将日月山西支断裂的海晏段划分为德州段(F_1-3)和海晏段(F_1-4)两个次级段, 同时利用高分辨率Google Earth影像对德州段断错微地貌进行了解译、 分析, 结合对德州段野外地质考察, 进一步验证了影像解译结果。 研究表明: 日月山断裂的德州段由5条次级段落组成(f₁, f₂, f₃, f₄, f₅), 并且该段断裂晚更新世以来活动性明显, 以右旋走滑为主兼有逆倾滑分量; 断裂在晚更新世以来发生过多期断层活动, 其中全新世断层活动可划分为两期, 最新一期水平位错量为6.5~8.7 m, 第二期水平位错量为12.3~14 m; 晚更新世也可划分出两期活动, 第一期水平位错量为16~20 m, 第二期水平位错量为28.5~47 m。     

基于DEM的内蒙古狼山地貌参数提取及其构造抬升的差异性分析

基于30 m分辨率DEM数据, 利用ArcGIS10.0对内蒙古狼山东南坡河流流域地貌参数进行提取, 精确计算了其中15条规模较大的北西—南东向河流的面积-高程积分值(HI), 并据此对河流发育阶段以及构造运动进行分析。研究结果显示有8条河流的HI值处于0.3~0.6之间, 属于河流发展的壮年阶段; 7条河流的HI值大于0.6, 为幼年期, 未出现老年期河流。狼山西南部河流河谷V1—V14的HI值变化平缓, 波动幅度不大, 构造运动呈现出先增强后减弱的态势; 中北部河流V14—V22的HI值变化较剧烈, 尤其是V14—V19, 呈明显上升趋势, 河流受侵蚀后残存体积增多, 构造运动活跃性下降; V19以北HI值持续下降, 其构造运动的活跃性增加。由此认为狼山从西南到东北总体呈现增强—减弱—增强的差异性运动状态, 该结论与前人所做山前构造地貌研究结果较为一致。      

人工地貌学学科体系框架构建初探

工业革命以来人类活动对地表利用改造的加剧,使得人工地貌研究逐渐受到科学界的重视。加强人工地貌学学科体系研究,服务社会经济建设实践亟需提上议事日程。在分析人工地貌学学科框架构建基点基础上,就人工地貌学的研究对象、任务与内容、研究方法与手段、内涵（学科属性）及外延（分支学科、学科关联）等方面探讨了人工地貌学学科体系框架构建问题,并指出人工地貌学是传统地貌学在社会经济建设过程中逐渐形成的多学科交叉综合的应用性地貌学科,如何从理论、技术及应用等层面进一步完善学科体系构建及探讨发展趋势是未来研究的重点。     

Analysis of geomorphologic and hydrological characteristics in watershed saturated areas using topographic‐index threshold and geomorphology‐based runoff model

The objective of this paper is to investigate the variation of geomorphology and runoff characteristics in saturated areas under different partial contributing area (PCA) conditions. Geomorphologic information and hydrologic records from two mid‐size watersheds in northern Taiwan were selected for analysis. The PCA ratio in the watershed during a storm was assumed equal to the ratio of the surface‐flow volume to the direct runoff volume from measured hydrologic data. The extents of PCA regions were then determined by using a topographic‐index threshold. Consequently, the geomorphologic factors in saturated and unsaturated areas could be calculated using a digital elevation model, and these factors could then be linked to a geomorphology‐based IUH model for runoff simulation, which can consider both the surface‐ and subsurface‐flow processes in saturated and unsaturated areas, respectively. The results show that geomorphologic characteristics in the saturated areas vary significantly with different PCA ratios especially for higher order streams. A large PCA ratio results in a sharp hydrograph because the quick surface flow dominates the runoff process, whereas the hydrologic response in a low PCA case is dominated by the delayed subsurface flow. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

分散型流域地貌汇流模型的总体构想

针对集总型流域地貌汇流模型的局限性，提出了分散型流域地貌汇流模型的总体构想，包括单元划分方法，单元汇流过程模拟、汇流参数关系，汇流模型结构，参数估计方法以及分散型模型特点等。     

地理信息系统在海岸海洋地貌研究中的应用

随着现代海洋观测技术的发展,通过海岸海洋地貌调查获得的数据急剧增长。运用地理信息系统(GIS)将不同学科、不同来源、不同格式的数据进行集成管理、分析和表达已成为当前海岸海洋地貌研究的重点。系统介绍了GIS技术在海岸海洋地貌研究中新的方法体系,包括数据获取、数据处理、数据分析和数据表达四个部分,重点研究了GIS空间技术、海底地形建模和用三维可视化技术解译海洋地学,探索陆海交互作用中隐含信息的方法,并将其应用到沿海城市规划、海港选址、大陆架岛礁地貌环境研究的具体实例中,研究范围从陆到海涵盖整个海陆交互作用带,为海岸海洋社会发展、经济建设及外交权益提供科学基础和决策支持。通过上述方法体系与应用研究说明,以GIS为核心建立的多源地理空间信息平台使传统海岸海洋地貌研究的范围、内容及方法都发生了重大变化,但多源数据信息的精确解译和成功应用必须同时具有空间信息学和地貌学专家知识。