本体中继承关系的形式化表示及其应用

本体关系中最重要的关系是子类/父类关系(继承关系),在子类/父类关系中,存在着除了继承以外丰富的语义关联.但本体的研究中,存在着形式化程度不够的问题,人们常用自然语言解释这些关系,然而这样的解释通常是有歧义的.为了严格、准确描述这些语义关联,基于本体研究了它们的形式化描述,同时扩展 UML,可视化地表示它们,并在此基础上,应用它们判定知识库中的某些错误.     

形式化与UML结合的建模方法及其应用

首先阐述了形式化方法与可视化方法的优缺点,并在此基础上提出软件体系结构形式化与可视化UML互补的建模方法,主要探讨UML和Z结合的建模过程,并用一个系统开发实例进行展示。     

Fuzzy measurement in the Mishnah and the Talmud

I discuss the attitude of Jewish law sources from the 2nd–:5th centuries to the imprecision of measurement. I review a problem that the Talmud refers to, somewhat obscurely, as impossible reduction. This problem arises when a legal rule specifies an object by referring to a maximized (or minimized) measurement function, e.g., when a rule applies to the largest part of a divided whole, or to the first incidence that occurs, etc. A problem that is often mentioned is whether there might be hypothetical situations involving more than one maximal (or minimal) value of the relevant measurement and, given such situations, what is the pertinent legal rule. Presumption of simultaneous occurrences or equally measured values are also a source of embarrassment to modern legal systems, in situations exemplified in the paper, where law determines a preference based on measured values. I contend that the Talmudic sources discussing the problem of impossible reduction were guided by primitive insights compatible with fuzzy logic presentation of the inevitable uncertainty involved in measurement. I maintain that fuzzy models of data are compatible with a positivistic epistemology, which refuses to assume any precision in the extra-conscious world that may not be captured by observation and measurement. I therefore propose this view as the preferred interpretation of the Talmudic notion of impossible reduction. Attributing a fuzzy world view to the Talmudic authorities is meant not only to increase our understanding of the Talmud but, in so doing, also to demonstrate that fuzzy notions are entrenched in our practical reasoning. If Talmudic sages did indeed conceive the results of measurements in terms of fuzzy numbers, then equality between the results of measurements had to be more complicated than crisp equations. The problem of impossible reduction could lie in fuzzy sets with an empty core or whose membership functions were only partly congruent. Reduction is impossible may thus be reconstructed as there is no core to the intersection of two measures. I describe Dirichlet maps for fuzzy measurements of distance as a rough partition of the universe, where for any region A there may be a non-empty set of - _A (upper approximation minus lower approximation), where the problem of impossible reduction applies. This model may easily be combined with probabilistic extention. The possibility of adopting practical decision standards based on -cuts (and therefore applying interval analysis to fuzzy equations) is discussed in this context. I propose to characterize the uncertainty that was presumably capped by the old sages as U-uncertainty, defined, for a non-empty fuzzy set A on the set of real numbers, whose -cuts are intervals of real numbers, as U(A) = 1/h(A) ₀ ^h(A) log [1+(A)]d, where h(A) is the largest membership value obtained by any element of A and (A) is the measure of the -cut of A defined by the Lebesge integral of its characteristic function.     

通信软件的形式化研究及其应用

通过对ＯＭＴ（特别是改进的ＯＭＴ）模型的叙述,指出非形式化方法的缺点,然后给出了一个可能的面向对象技术的语法框架,最后用该框架对一个通信软件进行了描述,为改进的ＯＭＴ的形式化工作及其在通信中的应用打下了基础。     

基于UML的作战仿真VV＆A过程形式化建模

可信性是作战仿真的生命线,对作战仿真的全生命周期进行校核、验证与确认（Verification,Validation and Accreditation,VV＆A）是确保其可信性的重要途径。建立合适的VV＆A过程形式化模型是开展作战仿真VV＆A过程研究的前提和基础。基于统一建模语言（Unified Modeling Language,UML）分别从用例、静态结构、动态行为及交互等方面对VV＆A过程进行形式化建模,建立了作战仿真VV＆A过程的用例、类图、活动图及顺序图模型,并给出相应的形式化定义。实践表明：作战仿真VV＆A过程形式化建模可以使VV＆A的描述规范化、标准化及形式化,便于不同领域人员的相互沟通与交流,以及VV＆A工程化应用,促进了VV＆A工作顺利开展。     

AADL模型的形式化研究

在嵌入式系统建模领域,AADL以其软硬件协同建模的特点已经逐渐成为业界的标准。围绕AADL的形式化特点,国内外众多学者展开了热烈的讨论。为了帮助系统开发人员深入了解AADL,指导软件开发进程,提高基于AADL模型的软件开发效率,分别从AADL模型可靠性分析、可调度性分析以及AADL模型测试这三个不同角度综述了已经出现的各种AADL形式化验证理论,对比分析了它们的优点和不足。简要介绍有关AADL验证工具,研究基于AADL模型的嵌入式开发平台的构建。     

数学进化中的知识发现方法

从数学历史发展过程中去发现数学的进化规律,从创造数学符号和包容对立的概念中获得了最早的数学知识.将数学符号组合而成的表达式和方程,使问题变换成了形式化表示,当表达式和方程通过推演和求证,判断其正确性时,就形成了公式和定理,它们是数学中的基础理论.推演和求证过程是采用了等价变换.数学进化中更重要的知识发现方法是利用进化变换(对变量、函数、方程、方法等的变换)来拓展数学的新概念和解决不能求解的问题(可拓变换),从而建立了数学的理论体系.创造、包容、形式化变换、等价变换和进化变换都是数学进化中的知识发现方法.     

基于UML的软件形式化需求分析与验证

针对软件开发中传统的需求分析方法所存在的需求描述不完整、具有二义性和不一致性问题,提出一种形式化需求分析方法。介绍根据用户需求采用形式化方法获取软件需求说明书并设计软件的统一建模语言（UML）模型的过程,及对该UML模型进行形式化描述,采用形式化验证技术对形式化后的UML模型进行需求验证,以确保设计的UML模型的正确性。实验结果表明,形式化的需求分析方法克服了传统需求分析方法中存在的问题。     

代码缺陷模式的概念及形式化表示

针对代码缺陷研究中存在的缺陷产生场景不明确以及形式化程度较低等问题,基于模式的定义给出代码缺陷模式定义,以其核心三要素为基础,对代码缺陷模式形式化表示进行研究,采用基于扩展模式描述语言的形式化表示法,将直接场景和缺陷代码结构共同反映于同一概念下。实例验证了代码缺陷模式概念的合理性及其形式化表示法的有效性。