Numerical simulation of steady natural convection heat transfer in a 3-dimensional single-ended tube subjected to a nanofluid

In this paper, 3-dimensional numerical simulation of steady natural convective flow and heat transfer are studied in a single-ended tube with non-uniform heat input. Apart from some other applications, it serves as a simplified model of the single-ended evacuated solar tube of a water-in-glass evacuated tube solar water heater. It is assumed that the sealed end of tube to be adiabatic and also the tube opening to be subjected to copper–water nanofluid. Governing equations are derived based on the conceptual model in the cylindrical coordinate system. The governing equations have been then approximated by means of a fully implicit finite volume control method (FVM), using SIMPLE algorithm on the collocated arrangement. The study has been carried out for solid volume fraction 0 ≤ φ ≤ 0.05 and maximum heat flux 100 ≤ q_m ≤ 700. Considering that the driven flow in the tube is influenced by the dimensions and the inclination angle of the solar tube, the flow patterns and temperature distributions are presented on different cross sectional planes and longitudinal sections, when the tube is positioned at different orientations.     

Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting in hierarchical porous ZnO/Reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite synthesized by sol-gel method

Today the utilization of solar energy to split water and its conversion to hydrogen and oxygen has been considered as a powerful way to solve the environmental crisis. Hierarchical porous nanostructured ZnO and ZnO/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite photoanodes are synthesized by innovated sol-gel method using triethylenetetramine (TETA) as a stabilizer. The hierarchical porous ZnO structure containing large agglomerates each consisting of tiny nanoparticles are formed. The X-ray diffraction analysis and Raman spectroscopy confirm the in-situ reduction of graphene oxide sheets during synthesis and formation of ZnO/rGO nanocomposite. Although the band gap and transmittance of the porous nanocomposites do not dramatically change by rGO addition, the main photoluminescence peak quenches entirely showing prolonging exciton lifetime. The ZnO/rGO porous structure achieved remarkably improved current density (1.02 mA cm^?2 at 1.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl) in 1 wt% rGO, up to 12 times higher compared to the bare ZnO (0.09 mA cm^?2 at 1.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl), which attributes to positive role of ZnO hierarchical porous structure and rGO electron separation/transportation. These findings provide new insights into the broad applicability of this methodology for promising future semiconductor/graphene composite in the field of photoelectrochemical water splitting.     

毕赤酵母对酸粥滋味品质形成的评价

将毕赤酵母与乳酸菌进行复配发酵制备酸粥样品,同时使用乳酸菌单一发酵作为对照,并采用电子舌技术结合多元统计学 方法对其滋味品质进行评价。 结果表明,酸味是发酵酸粥的主要滋味特性。 通过马氏距离聚类分析发现复配组与乳酸菌组发酵酸粥聚 为一类,进一步利用多元方差分析发现,两组发酵酸粥滋味品质差异不显著（P＞0.05）,毕赤酵母对酸粥滋味品质形成无积极影响。     

Entropy Generation Due to Natural Convection in a Partially Open Cavity with a Thin Heat Source Subjected to a Nanofluid

This article presents a numerical study of natural convection cooling of a heat source mounted inside the cavity, with special attention being paid to entropy generation. The right vertical wall is partially open and is subjected to copper–water nanofluid at a constant low temperature and pressure, while the other boundaries are assumed to be adiabatic. The governing equations have been solved using the finite volume approach, using SIMPLE algorithm on the collocated arrangement. The study has been carried out for a Rayleigh number in the range 10³ < Ra < 10⁶, and for solid volume fraction 0 <? <0.05. In order to investigate the effect of the heat source and open boundary location, six different configurations are considered. The effects of Rayleigh numbers, heat source and open boundary locations on the streamlines, isotherms, local entropy generation, Nusselt number, and total entropy generation are investigated. The results indicate that when open boundary is located up, the fluid flow augments and hence the heat transfer and Nusselt number increase and total entropy generation decreases.     

智能语音领域检索策略分析

针对智能语音产业的发展现状以及语音领域的申请文件的特殊性,系统地提出了语音领域专利检索的对策建议。     

浅谈智能语音领域专利战略

智能语音产业的相关企业在国内政策扶持力度不断加大、技术创新能力不断提高的基础上应抓住机遇,制定合理的专利战略,以专利战略占据并稳固市场优势地位。针对国内智能语音产业的相关企业发展现状,系统地提出了构建和应用专利战略的对策建议。