台湾岛以南海域新近纪的弧—陆碰撞造山作用

台湾岛以南海域(台南滨海)弧—陆碰撞带位于欧亚板块、菲律宾海板块和南海的结合部位,是新近纪弧—陆碰撞研究的理想场所。本文通过对南海973航次在该区域的多道地震剖面的解释,认为台南滨海弧—陆碰撞带增生的火山—沉积楔由恒春海脊和高屏斜坡两部分组成,前者是菲律宾海板块的增生楔,后者是欧亚板块的增生楔,在增生楔体和火山弧之间是作为弧前盆地的北吕宋海槽。自中新世中期以来,南海洋壳开始沿着马尼拉海沟向菲律宾海板块俯冲,形成活动大陆边缘的增生部分——恒春海脊;与此同时菲律宾海板块开始向北西方向移动,前缘的吕宋岛弧距今6.5Ma以来朝着亚洲陆缘斜向汇聚,形成了被动大陆边缘的增生部分——高屏斜坡。由于菲律宾海板块和欧亚板块之间的斜向汇聚,弧—陆碰撞具有穿时性,造山作用首先发生在台湾岛的北部,然后向南部及台南滨海发展。     

青藏高原新近纪重大气候事件演化序列

综合分析青藏高原新近纪古气候研究的不同替代性指标,建立了高原新近纪重大气候事件的演变序列,探讨青藏高原隆升和全球重大气候事件的关系。青藏高原新近纪不同构造-地层区重大气候事件发生的时间与高原隆升事件基本吻合,说明高原隆升是青藏高原气候变化的主要因素,与全球气候变化事件既存在一致性,又存在差异性。早—中中新世青藏高原气候变化频繁,气候变冷期开始的年代早于全球约15Ma以来的降温期,说明早—中中新世高原隆升对全球变冷的贡献较大。晚中新世以来的气候事件与全球重要气候事件相吻合,说明青藏高原可能在晚中新世已经隆升到了一定高度,其对全球气候变化的影响较之前有所减弱。青藏高原气候变化除受到高原隆升影响外,亦受到全球气候变化的影响。     

Systematics,palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography of the Neogene fossil sharks from the Azores (Northeast Atlantic)

The Azores Archipelago is a group of isolated islands located in the North Atlantic Ocean. One of these oceanic islands – Santa Maria – exhibits marine fossiliferous sediments of late Miocene/early Pliocene and also of Pleistocene age. Recent research provided new selachian fossil material, with three new records (Carcharias acutissima, Megaselachus megalodon, and Carcharhinus cf. leucas) increasing the number of fossil sharks reported from the Azores (Santa Maria Island) to seven species (Notorynchus primigenius, C. acutissima, Cosmopolitodus hastalis, Paratodus benedenii, Isurus oxyrinchus, M. megalodon, and C. cf. leucas). So far, no teeth of batoids or small sharks have been found despite the screen-washing of several sediment samples from Santa Maria. The Azorean Mio-Pliocene selachian fauna clearly differs from those described from sediments deposited on continental shelves, in which batoids and small benthic sharks (e.g., scyliorhinids) are usually well represented. During the late Miocene/early Pliocene, subtropical to warm-temperate seas were prevalent in the area of the Azores, as deduced from palaeontological, geological and isotopic data, all indicating a warmer climate than in the present.     

武汉阳逻被子植物化石木群与古砾石层地质时代研究

对湖北武汉阳逻采集的500余件化石木标本进行了20余年的研究。在大量第一手研究材料的基础上．已鉴定出化石木12科13属20种，其中被子植物9科9属15种，填补了我国新生代被子植物化石木群研究的空白。通过实地调查、室内制片、对比等研究方法，推断出武汉阳逻被子植物化石木群与古砾石层的地质时代属新生代新近纪。     

利用多种手段进行地层综合划分与对比——以准噶尔盆地春风油田主力稠油层层位归属为例

对于准噶尔盆地春风油田主力稠油层层位归属为新近系沙湾组还是白垩系争议较大.在层位标定法、层序地层分析法和测井资料对比法等常规地层划分与对比的基础上,利用地层结构分析法、正演模型法和钻井验证法等多种手段,进行了地层综合划分与对比的新尝试.结果表明:春风油田目前发现的主力稠油层层位应为新近系沙湾组,属于辫状河三角洲前缘分支河道砂体、湖岸砂坝等沉积砂体形成的地层-岩性油藏,其发育在中生界白垩系与新生界新近系不整合面之上.春风油田主力稠油层层位划分争议这一疑难问题的解决,为滚动勘探和开发方案部署奠定了良好的地质基础.     

柴西南古近系——新近系盐湖盆地层序地层分析

为了探讨柴达木盆地西南古近系-新近系层序地层,为岩性油气藏勘探提供依据,本文在Cross高分辨率层序地层学理论指导下,综合利用露头、岩心、钻井、地震等资料,结合盐湖盆地的沉积特殊性,对柴西南古近系-新近系层序界面进行识别与层序划分.研究认为将柴达木盆地柴西南古近系-新近系地层划分为13个长期旋回更为合理,提出缓坡带、陡坡带、低凸地区和湖盆区4种不同沉积单元的层序发育模式,指出层序旋回结构对岩性圈闭具有重要的控制作用,储集砂岩的发育状况与中期旋回密切相关,有利储层主要发育在旋回结构向上"变深"的非对称型下部.     

渤海湾盆地垦利6-1亿吨级岩性油田成藏条件及勘探关键技

垦利6-1油田位于渤海海域南部的莱北低凸起,是一个新近系探明储量超过亿吨的整装、优质大型岩性油田。垦利6-1油田的重大突破打开了渤海海域浅层高产岩性油藏勘探的新局面。垦利6-1油田的关键成藏条件主要有3个方面：①莱北低凸起处于黄河口富烃凹陷的有利排烃方向,且其深层新生界底部不整合面之下发育两大隐伏汇聚脊,为浅层油气的规模成藏提供了优越的供烃条件;②在中新世晚期的湖盆萎缩期,河、湖沉积交互背景下形成的大型复合河道型岩性圈闭为油气的规模成藏提供了优越的储集条件;③连片复合河道砂体与区域湖侵泥岩形成的优质储-盖组合有利于油气在垂向上集中分布。独特的石油地质条件使得垦利6-1油田的新近系具有以"深层远源汇聚-断裂垂向输导-浅层枝蔓式运移"为特征的高效成藏模式。以新近系大型岩性圈闭精细刻画和大型岩性油藏高效集束评价为核心的勘探关键技术为垦利6-1亿吨级油田的高效评价提供了重要支撑。     

莺歌海盆地乐东10区新近系黄流组储层天然气充注与超压演化史

莺歌海盆地乐东10区新近系黄流组储层异常高压极其发育,压力系数最高可达2.3,超压的发育和演化与天然气成藏关系密切。基于流体包裹体岩相学观察,通过流体包裹体显微测温和激光拉曼光谱分析恢复黄流组储层气包裹体捕获压力,研究储层天然气充注和压力演化的关系。莺歌海盆地乐东10区黄流组储层发育纯CO₂气包裹体、富CH₄气包裹体、CO₂-CH₄混合气包裹体,对应两期CO₂和两期烃类气体充注。两期CO₂充注时间分别在2.0 Ma和1.0 Ma,包裹体中碳同位素显示两期CO₂为无机成因。两期烃类气体充注时间均晚于两期CO₂充注时间,分别是在1.8 Ma和0.4 Ma。黄流组储层超压经历了先增后降的过程。在2.0～1.0 Ma,两期CO₂和一期天然气的充注使黄流组储层压力逐渐升高,第二期CO₂充注到黄流组储层中之后,最大压力系数达到2.43。第二期烃类气体充注对应的黄流组储层剩余压力和压力系数都低于第二期CO₂充注时期,可能指示了在第二期CO₂充注之后,存在天然气泄漏的现象,使储层压力在1.0～0.4 Ma降低。莺歌海盆地乐东10区黄流组储层天然气充注与压力演化的关系对认识天然气成藏规律具有重要意义。     

The skull of the Miocene Spheniscus urbinai (Aves,Sphenisciformes): osteology,brain morphology,and the cranial pneumatic systems

Spheniscus urbinai represents one of four extinct Spheniscus species from the Cenozoic of southern South America, known from several poorly described diversely complete skulls and postcranial elements. Here, we present a review of the cranial osteology of all known specimens (collected in Argentina, Chile, and Peru), including a paleoneurological analysis using CT scans, and an exploration of its cranial pneumaticity compared to other extinct and living seabirds. Our results show that among Spheniscus species, S. urbinai exhibits slightly greater cranial pneumaticity than the living species. Additionally, we confirm previous findings which indicate that the marked reduction of cranial pneumaticity—which is characteristic of living penguins—occurred early during the Eocene (as observed in the Antarctic penguin MLP 12-I-20-1, but not in the coeval Anthropornis).     

Neogene and Quaternary climate changes shaped the lineage differentiation and demographic history of Fokienia hodginsii (Cupressaceae s.l.), a Tertiary relict in East Asia

Historical climate oscillations and tectonic events have influenced the speciation and evolutionary history of many organisms. In this study, we chose Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) A. Henry & H. H. Thomas (Cupressaceae s.l.), a Tertiary relict conifer, for the inference of the demographic history since the Neogene. Five chloroplast regions and two single-copy nuclear genes were amplified and sequenced in 497 individuals from 28 populations. The chloroplast data showed that F. hodginsii presented a high level of genetic diversity (H _T  = 0.860 ± 0.0279) and significant phylogeographic structure (N _ST  > G _ST , P < 0.05). According tobeast analysis, the divergence time of the two major lineages indicated by the phylogenetic construction produced from chloroplast and nuclear data could be dated to the early Miocene (ca. 19.34–19.95 Ma), which coincided with the onset and intensification of the Asian monsoon. During this time, environmental adaption under the different climatic conditions on either side of the Tanaka Line could have played important roles in maintaining and/or reinforcing the divergence of the two major lineages. The ecological niche modeling results showed that F. hodginsii experienced habitat fragmentation and strengthening of genetic barriers during the Last Glacial Maximum, followed by local expansion during postglacial periods. Our findings show that paleoclimate changes since the Neogene might have triggered the extinction of all but one Fokienia species and its intraspecific lineage differentiation. This study also suggests that Tertiary relicts in subtropical and tropical areas might have had a complex evolutionary history and their intraspecific differentiation time might have been earlier than expected.