Terra/MODIS时间序列数据在湖泊水域面积动态监测中的应用研究——以洞庭湖地区为例

论文利用2005年Terra/MODIS卫星8天合成的250m地表反射率数据（MODIS Terra Surface Reflectance 8-Day L3 Global 250 m: MOD09Q1）构建的时间序列数据集,通过计算NDVI指数,结合典型地物的谱间特征,并借助SRTM数字高程数据,采用多源信息提取的方法对洞庭湖地区2005年水域面积变化进行了动态监测。结合Terra/MODIS数据特点,提出了全年最大淹没时间指数的概念,并通过对该指数的构建,完成了对洞庭湖地区重点水域淹没风险评价。结果表明：①文中提出的基于Terra/MODIS MOD09Q1数据的多源信息水体提取方法,通过更高空间分辨率ENVISAT/ASAR数据以及水文测站水位数据的检验表明,是切实可行的;②2005年洞庭湖地区水域面积变化特征总体表现为,在11~4月份期间较小,而在5~10月份期间较大。其中,4月份最小,9月份最大,两者相差了几乎1.5倍,受地区季节性降雨的年内分布规律及长江主汛期的影响显著;③通过全年最大淹没时间指数的计算发现,占研究区总面积84.13%的年内持久陆地和持久水域区域,基本上没有防洪压力,而剩余的15.87%的年内变化水域,由于潜在淹没风险的存在,则需要抗洪防险部门进行重点防控;④文中有关多源信息水面提取方法的实现以及全年最大淹没时间指数概念的提出,为今后更深入地探讨三峡工程建成运营对洞庭湖地区水域变化以及江湖关系的影响奠定基础。     

Analysis of diffusion-adsorption equivalency of landfill liner systems for organic contaminants

The equivalence between multilayered barriers regarding diffusion and adsorption is analyzed by means of an analytical method. The bottom boundary of the liner system is defined by assuming concentration continuous and flux continuous conditions of the contaminant between the bottom liner layer and the underlying soil. Five different liner systems were compared in terms of solute breakthrough time. The results of the analysis show that breakthrough time of the hydrophobic organic compounds for a 2-meter-thick compacted clay liner (CCL) can be 3-4 orders of magnitude greater than the breakthrough time for a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) composite liner. The GM/GCL and GM/CCL composite liner systems provide a better diffusion barrier for the hydrophilic organic compounds than that for the hydrophobic compounds due to their different Henry's coefficient. The calculated breakthrough times of the organic contaminants for the Chinese standard liner systems were found to be generally greater than those for the GCL alternatives, for the specific conditions examined. If the distribution coefficient increases to 2.8 for the hydrophobic compounds or 1.0 for the hydrophilic compounds, the thickness of the attenuation layer needed to achieve the same breakthrough time as the standard liner systems can be reduced by a factor of about 1.9-2.4. As far as diffusive and adsorption contaminant transport are concerned, GM or GCL is less effective than CCL.     

Using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model animal for assessing the toxicity induced by microcystin-LR

Among more than 75 variants of microcystin(MC),microcystin-LR(MC-LR) is one of the most common toxins.In this study,the feasibility of using Caenorhabditis elegans to evaluate MC-LR toxicity was studied.C.elegans was treated with MC-LR at different concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 80 μg/L.The results showed that MC-LR could reduce lifespan,delay development,lengthen generation time,decrease brood size,suppress locomotion behavior,and decreases hsp-16-2-gfp expression.The endpoints of generation time,brood...     

Induction of chemotaxis to sodium chloride and diacetyl and thermotaxis defects by microcystin-LR exposure in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Apart from the liver disruption, embryotoxicity and genotoxicity, microcystin (MC)-LR also could cause neurotoxicity. Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was explored as a model to study the neurotoxicity. In the present study, we provided evidence to indicate the neurotoxicity on chemotaxis to NaCl and diacetyl, and thermotaxis from MC-LR exposure to C. elegans. As a result, higher concentrations of MC-LR caused significantly severe defects of chemotaxis to NaC1 and diacetyl, and thermotaxis. The neurotoxicity on chemotaxis to NaCl and diacetyl, and thennotaxis from MC-LR exposure might be largely mediated by the damage on the corresponding sensory neurons (ASE, AWA, and AFD) and interneuron AIY. The expression levels of che-1 and odr-7 were significantly decreased (P<0.01) in animals exposed to MC-LR at concentrations lower than 10 μg/L, whereas the expression levels of ttx-1 and ttx-3 could be significantly (P<0.01) lowered in animals even exposed to 1 μg/L of MC-LR. Moreover, both the chemotaxis to NaCl and diacetyl and the thermotaxis were more significantly reduced m MC-LR exposed mutants of che-1(p674), odr-7(ky4), ttx-1(p767), and ttx-3(ks5) than those in exposed wild-type N2 animals at the same concentrations.     

Characterizing spatial distribution and sources of heavy metals in the soils from mining-smelting activities in Shuikoushan, Hunan Province, China

The spatial variation of heavy metals in the soils in Shuikoushan mining-smelting area, Hunan Province, China, was investigated using multivariate and geo-statistic analysis. A total of 106 composite soil samples were collected in an area of about 100 km2. Concentrations of total As, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu and Cr were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Arsenic and Pb were found to have a common source, indicating the same sources and spreading processes, such as aerosols and airborne particulates from smelting chimneys. Airborne sources from smelting chimneys contributed greatly to Cd in the area, which demonstrated the same dispersion pattern as As and Pb. However, two hot spots of Cd around smelters were possibly enlarged by wastewaters, demonstrating another important source of Cd in Shuikouhsan. Geo-statistic interpolated mapping demonstrated that hotspots of Zn were only found proximal to the large smelters, suggesting that Zn primarily came from the chimneys of larger smelters. The major Cu hot-spots appeared closely to the tailing dam, indicating that weathering and leaching of tailings were the major sources of Cu contamination in Shuikoushan. Our findings indicated that airborne volatile particles and aerosols contributed the most to As, Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu contamination, while Cd and Cu may also derive from the discharge of wastewater from smelters and the leaching of tailings, respectively.     

Characterization of organic matter in total suspended particles by thermodesorption and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

The organic matter in tropospheric aerosol plays an important role in atmospheric physical and chemical processes. The bulk of organic matter, representing a significant proportion of the total suspended particulate (TSP) mass, is bound to polymeric material whose structure and properties are largely unknown. Here we used thermodesorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Td- GC/MS) to study organic compounds of low molecular mass and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) to characterize the chemical structure of macromolecules in TSP samples collected in di erent seasons from di erent sites in Guangzhou. n-Alkanes, fatty acids and nitriles were the predominant compounds in the thermodesorption products, whereas aromatics, fatty acids, nitriles and n-alkanes/alkenes were the major compounds in the pyrolysates. The results indicated that aromatics were main units in macromolecules. The fatty acids and nitriles formed from carboxylic ammonium salts were detected in both thermodesorption products and pyrolysates at a certain concentration, indicating the importance of these compounds in TSP formation. The TSP source mainly determined the occurrence of compounds in samples from urban, suburban and forest sites, whereas the TSP source and formation process maybe controlled the seasonal variation in compounds detected. High levels of nitriles in summer samples from suburban and forest sites coincide with the release of ammonium from the land and of fatty acids from vegetation at these sites.     

生物燃料引领航空业绿色未来

飞机燃油大致有三种：航空汽油、航空煤油、航空柴油。民用客机绝大多数使用航空煤油。因为大型客机要在1万米之上高空飞行。其发动机必须适应高空缺氧、气温气压较低的恶劣环境,而航空煤油具有低温性、安定性、蒸发性、润滑性以及无腐蚀性较好、不易起静电和着火危险性小等特点。     

英国气候变化委员会建议提高航空飞行税

英国气候变化委员会9月9日向政府建议,大幅提高航空飞行税,以增强应对气候变化的力度。气候变化委员会当天发布新闻公报说,该机构已向英国交通部、能源和气候变化部正式提交了相关建议。希望通过提高征收飞行税的方式,减少航班次。英国《泰晤士报》当天在头版发表文章说,如果发达国家都能采取这一措施,全球每年征收的航空飞行税将可增加数百亿英镑。飞机排放的二氧化碳是温室气体的重要来源之一。     

SPME-GC/MS法测定垃圾渗沥液中双酚A

建立了固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用法测定垃圾渗沥液中双酚A的方法,并用于广州大田山垃圾渗沥液中双酚A含量的测定。对影响萃取的参数进行了优化,实验选用涂层厚度为85μm聚丙烯酸酯(PA)萃取纤维,在搅拌速度为1200r/min、NaCl浓度为20%、pH2.0和室温条件下萃取60min。方法的线性范围为0.1～100μg/L,检出限为0.03μg/L,精密度为6.6%。应用本方法监测了广州大田山垃圾渗沥液中BPA的含量在生物法处理过程中的变化情况。     

飞行器控制系统数据综合关键技术研究

控制系统数据综合是导弹等飞行器实现低成本和小型化的有效途径.文中提出基于双处理器结构的飞行控制系统任务计算机系统结构,并对数据综合过程中的时间同步、时间管理等关键技术问题,采取初始同步和周期同步相结合的方式,对任务运行同步误差进行了修正,在时间同步的基础上,将控制链条按照资源占用情况进行分解,并对各功能模块进行统筹、分时调度,实现了双机并行处理.