经济新常态下的“十三五”环境压力预测

我国经济已经从高速增长转向中高速增长的新常态阶段,经济发展方式从规模速度型粗放增长转向质量效率型集约增长,产业结构从劳动密集型向资金密集型和知识密集型转换,经济发展动力从要素驱动、投资驱动转向创新驱动。经济新常态下,环境保护将迎来难得的历史机遇,同时也面临严峻的挑战。为了深入理解和准确把握经济新常态下我国"环境态"的发展特征,本文基于中长期环境经济预测模型定量测算了2020年我国社会经济、能源和水资源以及主要污染物排放趋势和特征。结果表明,"十三五"期间,我国能源和水资源消耗总量增长将趋缓,新增消耗量进入涨幅收窄期;产业转型升级加速将从源头上减轻新增污染减排的压力,主要大气和水污染物排放将进入高位平台期,排放强度将呈现高位回落。     

关于国家环境保护“十三五”规划的战略思考

在对我国当前环境形势以及未来重大环境保护问题识别的基础上,结合国家生态文明建设新要求,提出了"十三五"环境保护规划体系以及规划目标的设想,并从国民经济绿色化、国土空间功能化、保护环境法治化、环境供给市场化、决策监管科学化、治理主体多元化、环境信息公开化等7个方面给出了基本策略建议,可为制定国家"十三五"环境保护规划提供参考。     

水分管理对水稻生长与根际激发效应的影响特征

作物根际沉积碳输入而引起的根际激发效应,对农田土壤碳排放通量和碳平衡起到关键的调控作用.在稻田生态系统中,由于频繁的干湿交替,土壤CO₂和CH₄排放以及根际激发效应明显有别于其他自然生态系统.因此,明确稻田生态系统干湿交替过程中水稻根际激发效应的方向与强度,对于减缓稻田温室气体排放具有重要意义.本研究采用¹³C-CO₂连续标记法,结合盆栽试验,研究干湿交替和持续淹水条件下,水稻生长以及根际激发效应的响应特征.结果表明,相对于持续淹水处理,干湿交替处理使水稻地上部和根系生物量以及根冠比显著提高,并增加了土壤微生物生物量.持续淹水条件下,¹³CO₂和¹³CH₄排放通量随水稻生长由10.2 μg·（kg·h）^-1和2.8 μg·（kg·h）^-1（63 d）增加到16.0 μg·（kg·h）^-1和3.2 μg·（kg·h）^-1（75 d）.而在干湿交替条件下,经过12 d的落干处理¹³CO₂和¹³CH₄排放通量分别降低了57.5%和88.1%.持续淹水条件下,CO₂和CH₄的根际激发效应表现为正激发效应,而且随水稻的生长而增加.而干湿交替处理下,经过12 d的落干处理,CO₂和CH₄的根际激发效应分别由0.29 mg·（kg·h）^-1和12.3 μg·（kg·h）^-1（63 d）降低到-0.39 mg·（kg·h）^-1和0.07 μg·（kg·h）^-1（75 d）.因此,干湿交替处理,能有效促进水稻生长和降低CH₄的累计排放量.合理地田间水分管理对于提高水稻产量和降低温室气体排放具有重要意义.     

Kinetics study of aqueous sorption of phenanthrene to humic acids and sediments

IntroductionThesorptionofhydrophobicorganiccontaminants(HOCs)onnaturalgeosorbentsplaysasignificantroleintheirtransport,degradationandultimatefateintheaquaticenvironment (Alexander,1995 ;Luthy ,1997;Weber,2 0 0 1) .Sincethelate 1970s,theorganicmatter(OM)ha…     

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) micropollutant herbicide removing from water using granular and powdered activated carbons: a comparison applied for water treatment and health safety

Abstract

Activated carbons are well-known porous materials as an effective adsorbent used for the removal of emerging contaminants, such as herbicides, which are increasingly present in water bodies. Most water treatment plants, specially in Brazil, are unable to completely remove such contaminants by the conventional process and advanced treatment using activated carbons is required. The aim of this paper was to verify the influence of the activated carbons granulometry and specific surface area on the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide removal efficiency using distilled-deionized water and filtered water collected from a conventional Water Treatment Plant. Commercial activated carbons samples used in this work were obtained from two different manufacturers. Activated carbons were analyzed by the specific surface area, pore size and volume distribution, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and x-ray spectroscopy, moisture, volatile matter and ash contents. Batch adsorption isotherms experiments were used and performed by Langmuir and Freundlich models. Granular and powdered activated carbons removed over 99% of 2,4-D in distilled water and near to 99% using filtered water. The activated carbons evaluated in this work presented high performance and played a key role in water treatment by removing 2,4-D herbicide, ensuring the protection of human health and the ecosystem.     

Role of dissolved humic acids in the biodegradation of a single isomer of nonylphenol by Sphingomonas sp

This study shows the important role of humic acids in the degradation of ¹⁴C and ¹³C labeled isomer of NP by Sphingomonas sp. strain TTNP3 and the detoxification of the resulting metabolites. Due to the association of NP with humic acids, its solubility in the medium was enhanced and the extent of mineralization of nonylphenol increased from 20% to above 35%. This was accompanied by the formation of significant amounts of NP residues bound to the humic acids, which also occurred via abiotic reactions of the major NP metabolite hydroquinone with the humic acids. Gel permeation chromatography showed a non-homogenous distribution of NP residues with humic acids molecules, with preference towards molecules with high-molecular-weight. Solid state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicated that the nonextractable residues resulted exclusively from the metabolites. The chemical shifts of the labeled carbon indicated the possible covalent binding of hydroquinone to the humic acids via ester and possibly ether bonds, and the incorporation of degradation products of hydroquinone into the humic acids. This study provided evidences for the mediatory role of humic acids in the fate of NP as a sink for bacterial degradation intermediates of this compound.     

小兴安岭过去5000年的泥炭δ~(13)C记录

小兴安岭植物体中δ13C不仅受区域湿度变化控制,也受温度变化控制。泥炭纤维素的δ13C曲线,较好地响应了小兴安岭地区过去5000年来气候,特别是温度和湿度的演变过程。5.1～3.0kaBP、3.0～1.8kaBP、1.8kaBP迄今,小兴安岭经历了3个千年尺度的气候波动,气候演变过程为温暖湿润→温凉较湿→冷凉较湿。在千年尺度的气候波动上,又叠加着百年尺度的气候变化,在3.0kaBP以来更为显著。相应的,泥炭发育也经历了从富营养、中营养到贫营养阶段。     

硫酸参与喀斯特流域(北盘江)风化过程的碳同位素证据

在碳酸盐岩地区,流域侵蚀过程中硫酸是否参与,对于我们正确理解流域化学风化速率,以及流域侵蚀对大气CO2的消耗和全球碳循环等都有重要的意义。本工作在前期工作(乌江)的基础上,对贵州喀斯特地区的河流(北盘江)和支流的水化学特征以及水体溶解无机碳同位素组成进行了初步研究,研究结果证实硫酸参与了该喀斯特流域岩石/土壤化学风化过程。     

化石燃料结构变化对大气中δ~(13)CO_2的影响

根据煤炭、石油和天然气等化石燃料的CO2排放量及其碳稳定同位素组成,用按比例叠加的方法逐年计算1860~1996年CO2化石燃料源的d13CO2(PDB),用简单全球碳循环模式研究该变化对大气d13CO2的影响,并将计算结果与CMDL近10年的监测数据进行对比.结果表明,化石燃料源的d13CO2在140年内下降了4.5,在碳循环模式中考虑这种动态变化之后,大气d13CO2的模拟结果与同期实测值的相关程度有较大提高.