声化学技术在聚合物领域中的研究进展

声化学作为一门新的学科,已经广泛应用于化学及化工领域.本文对声化学及声空化效应进行了简介,并对声化学技术在聚合物领域中(聚合反应、降解反应及聚合物加工过程等)的研究进展进行了综述.     

基于水力空化的化工过程强化研究进展

水力空化（HC）是一种利用声化学效应（即空泡溃灭时释放出的巨大能量）的高效、绿色化工过程强化技术,是国内外的研究热点。该技术具有设备造价低、可放大性强、可与其他物理及化学方法高效耦合等优点,工业应用前景广泛。本文介绍了HC现象及其特性;归纳了近年来HC技术在有机废水处理、水消毒与生物燃料制备等代表性应用的研究、应用进展以及作用机理,展示了其工业应用的潜力;总结了用于诱发HC现象的水力空化反应器的发展过程与研究现状;最后,结合发展趋势与作者的研究经历,归纳了国内外在HC研究方面存在的问题,指出了其未来发展方向,为HC技术的发展与工业应用探索提供建设性意见。     

频率对声致羟自由基形成的影响

本文用声化学效率的概念，报道了频率对声致羟自由基形成的影响，在氮气或空气环境中，高频超声辐照所致ＯＨ的化学产率比低频超声辐照时高。     

Ultrasonic mineralization of a reactive textile azo dye, remazol black B

The degradation of a reactive black dye in oxygen saturated aqueous solution has been investigated using a high frequency ultrasonic generator. The ˙OH radical initiated oxidative degradation of the dye results in 65% mineralization as measured by the decrease in the total organic content. Ion chromatography indicates that the only remaining components are oxalate, sulfate and nitrate ions.     

Facile Ionic Liquid‐Assisted Strategy for Direct Precipitation of Eu2+‐Activated Nanophosphors under Ambient Conditions

This work describes a novel ionic liquid (IL)‐assisted synthesis strategy for a direct and easy production of Eu²⁺‐doped nanoparticles (NPs), where ILs are also used as fluoride sources to avoid the use of elemental fluorine or toxic hydrofluoric acid. Up to now, the direct synthesis of Eu²⁺‐doped nanophosphors consisted of an enormous challenge, due to the oxidation to Eu³⁺ observed in hydrous solution, which is commonly used for the preparation of NPs, generating lattice defects and undesired particle growth or agglomeration by additional reducing steps at high temperatures. In contrast, ILs, unless containing ClO₄ ^– or NO₃ ^– anions, do not present an oxidizing character, allowing the direct precipitation of NPs, e.g., using Eu²⁺ containing starting materials. Here, the undoped and Eu²⁺‐doped BaFCl NPs have been prepared under atmospheric conditions for the first time using ILs as solvents and also as fluoride source, applying sonochemical and microwave‐assisted approaches. In general, this method bears an enormous potential for an easy synthesis of fluoride materials compared to inconvenient solid‐state methods. In addition, the IL plays the role of a strongly attached protecting shell which represents ≈7–8% of the total NPs weight.     

超声波作用下柠檬酸盐溶液中SO2的解吸机理

本文从超声波作用特点出发，利用数值计算研究了在超声解吸SO2过程中，超声波的作用机理，从理论上阐明了影响超声解吸SO2的主要因素，并对此进行了实验验证，实验结果与理论分析吻合较好。研究表明，超声场下脱除柠檬酸盐溶液中SO2在理论和实验室规模下是可行的；超声频率、溶液中气体含量以及溶液性质对超声解吸SO2影响较大；给溶液中增加空化气泡核如通入微量惰性气体，SO2解吸效率显著提高；超声频率越低，超声脱除SO2效果越好；给溶液施加适当搅拌，SO2解吸率提高20%～30%；溶液中SO2初始浓度越高，解吸效果越好。     

声化学法制备格利雅试剂氯化苄基镁的研究

采用声化学法制备出格利雅试剂氯化苄基镁,研究在固定超声功率和频率(500W,25kHz,12个换能器)条件下,溶剂、温度、原料摩尔比、镁粉状态、搅拌对产率的影响,并在此基础上设计正交实验优化各因素。采用气相色谱对产品进行了定性、定量分析,研究表明用声化学法制备格利雅试剂氯化苄基镁的最佳工艺条件为:以新鲜镁粉、氯化苄为原料,THF、乙醚或THF和乙醚的混合液为溶剂,水浴温度约为20℃,不搅拌,产率为81%。     

超声波在化工中的应用与研究进展

对近年来超声波技术在化学化工中的应用与研究进展作了比较全面的综述。着重介绍了超声技术在强化传递过程（包括萃取过程、吸附过程、结晶过程、乳化与破乳、膜过程、电化学过程以及非相化学反应过程）中的应用。另外还介绍了超声阻垢技术以及超声波在废水处理和纳料材料制备中的应用进展。超声波与传统化工过程的耦合必将为化学工业带来新的活力和技术进步。     

Flow regime maps and optimization thereby of hydrodynamic cavitation reactors

Hydrodynamic cavitation reactors are known to intensify diverse physical and chemical processes. In this article, flow regime maps have been proposed that give an overview of the operation of hydrodynamic cavitation reactor for different combinations of design and process parameters. These maps are based on simulations of cavitating flow using mathematical model that couples continuum mixture model with diffusion limited model. Specific flow regimes have been identified depending on the energetics of the collapse of cavitation bubble as sonophysical, sonochemical, and stable oscillatory (no physical or chemical effect). The radial motion of the bubble in the cavitating flow is governed by the mean and turbulent pressure gradients, which in turn, are decided by the design parameters. An analysis of variations in the pressure gradients in the cavitating flow with design parameters has been given. The flow regime maps form a useful tool for identification of most optimum set of design parameters for hydrodynamic cavitation reactor for a physical or chemical process. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 3858–3866, 2012