Unpacking the parallel effects of parental alcohol misuse and low income on risk of supervisory neglect

Although low income status and parent alcohol misuse are considered critical risk factors for child neglect, little is known about the mechanisms of this association. No known research has assessed the parallel effect of each on occurrence of child neglect. This study aimed to explore the direct and indirect effects of parent alcohol misuse and low family income on risk of supervisory neglect through mediating factors such as parent depressive symptoms and low social support.The study used a sample of 2990 parents of children under 13 years old who completed a listed telephone survey conducted in 50 mid-sized cities within California during 2009. We used a structural equation model to estimate the direct and indirect effects of parent alcohol misuse (defined as heavy drinking frequency) and low family income on supervisory neglect toward a focal child, as well as the indirect effect via parental depressive symptoms and low social support. Mediation analysis to capture direct, indirect, and total effects of these two independent variables was also conducted.Results revealed a significant direct effect of low family income on likelihood of supervisory neglect. Low income also exhibited an indirect effect via increased depressive symptoms and low social support. Annual frequency of heavy drinking showed no direct effect on supervisory neglect likelihood, but an indirect effect was observed via increased depressive symptoms and decreased social support. Parent low income and high frequency heavy drinking likely increase risks for supervisory neglect through distinct pathways. Longitudinal research is needed to confirm the pathways identified within this study.     

基因专利与专利池

介绍了基因专利和专利池的概念;探讨了基因专利池的几种可能,即基因诊断产品专利池、基因药物专利池、DNA芯片专利池;分析了基因专利池的益处,最后从基本原则、专利法和反垄断法角度讨论了对于基因专利池滥用的规制．     

行政裁量司法审查之“滥用职权”标准的完善

滥用职权是对行政裁量进行司法审查的主要标准,但在实践中法院却很少直接运用,这是因为“滥用职权”在专业意义和世俗意义上存在明显的分歧,导致了法官的慎用。同时,滥用职权侧重于主观标准,在实践中难以认定,迫使法官采用回避和转换型审查策略。针对上述困境,文章建议应对“滥用职权”标准加以完善,包括细化“滥用职权”标准,明确列举其情形;完善滥用职权标准的具体司法适用技术;增加“裁量明显不当”的司法审查标准等。     

从“マニュァル敬语”谈日语敬语的误用

日本的连锁服务业广泛使用“マニュァル敬语”,外国人很困惑．日本人觉得很生硬。本文分析了“マニュァル敬语”不自然的原因．论述了日本人对待“マニュァル敬语”持有的观点．也揭示了外国人日语学习者对待敬语应有的态度。     

Exploring the victimization‒early substance misuse relationship: In search of moderating and mediating effects

This study was designed to address two research questions. The first research question asked whether physical abuse victimization at the hands of parents/guardians, bullying victimization at the hands of peers, and the abuse x bullying interaction encouraged early involvement in substance misuse. The second research question inquired as to whether the victimization‒substance misuse relationship was mediated by variables proposed by various theories and research studies—specifically, cognitive impulsivity, negative affect, and low self-esteem. A moderated mediation hypothesis was tested in a group of 865 (417 boys, 448 girls) schoolchildren from the Illinois Study of Bullying and Sexual Violence who were 10 to 15 years of age at the time of initial contact. A path analysis performed with three waves of data revealed that physical abuse and bullying victimization predicted substance misuse with mediation by cognitive impulsivity, but there was no evidence of moderation. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that victimization, whether through parental physical abuse or peer bullying, increases cognitive impulsivity, and that cognitive impulsivity, in turn, encourages early involvement in substance misuse. The practical implications of these results are that interventions designed to counter cognitive impulsivity and encourage cognitive control may be effective in preventing children traumatized by physical abuse and bullying from entering the early stages of a drug or substance using lifestyle.     

Detecting substance-related problems in narrative investigation summaries of child abuse and neglect using text mining and machine learning

BackgroundState child welfare agencies collect, store, and manage vast amounts of data. However, they often do not have the right data, or the data is problematic or difficult to inform strategies to improve services and system processes. Considerable resources are required to read and code these text data. Data science and text mining offer potentially efficient and cost-effective strategies for maximizing the value of these data.ObjectiveThe current study tests the feasibility of using text mining for extracting information from unstructured text to better understand substance-related problems among families investigated for abuse or neglect.MethodA state child welfare agency provided written summaries from investigations of child abuse and neglect. Expert human reviewers coded 2956 investigation summaries based on whether the caseworker observed a substance-related problem. These coded documents were used to develop, train, and validate computer models that could perform the coding on an automated basis.ResultsA set of computer models achieved greater than 90% accuracy when judged against expert human reviewers. Fleiss kappa estimates among computer models and expert human reviewers exceeded .80, indicating that expert human reviewer ratings are exchangeable with the computer models.ConclusionThese results provide compelling evidence that text mining procedures can be a cost-effective and efficient solution for extracting meaningful insights from unstructured text data. Additional research is necessary to understand how to extract the actionable insights from these under-utilized stores of data in child welfare.     

《平生壮观》校读订误

由林虞生先生整理、上海古籍出版社2011年出版的明遗民顾复的品评书画著作《平生壮观》对书画史研究贡献甚大,然其中误失如脱文、衍文、倒文、未能正原书讹误、未能据相关材料补出阙文、误用标点等校勘和标点的失误等现象亦复不少,本文隅举了上述问题并略作辨说。     

从语用歧义角度探析“和”、“或”

现代汉语中“和”、“或”这两个词不论是使用频率还是适用范围都是非常广泛的。作为连词使用时,它们的用法相对重合,致使了对它们的误用以及歧义的产生。本文通过介绍“和”、“或”的一般用法及特殊用法,对它们使用过程中的误用情况加以分析,通过语言的选择与逻辑总结了造成误用的原因。     

论大学生英语口语中he和she的误用

以汉语为母语的英语学习者在口语中常误用he和she,对此现象,可以从基本层次范畴的角度予以分析。导致这一误用的原因在于汉语口语和英语口语在单数第三人称代词的使用上具有不同的基本层次范畴,并且中文思维和英文表达之间的转换是导致he/she误用的根本原因。分析影响二者选择的因素并提出相应的对策,将有助于减少错误的发生。     

源自《庄子》的成语误用辨正三则

《庄子》语言纵恣浪漫、奇幻玄妙、形象生动、风格多样,极具创造力、表现力和感染力,因而深受历代读者喜爱,许多绝妙好辞和精彩片段被不断提炼、组合、凝固、引申,逐渐演化成后来的成语,《庄子》遂成为500多条汉语成语的源头。由于多种原因,源自《庄子》的成语也存在被人误解误用的现象。我们仅对其中的三例进行辨析和补正。