青藏高原中西部下垫面对东亚大气环流季节转换影响的数值模拟

在NCAR的CCM3全球模式与RegCM2区域气候模式的基础上,发展了一个CCM3—RegCM2嵌套模式系统,并应用于研究改变青藏高原中西部地区下垫面特征对东亚地区大气环流季节转换的影响。结果表明:当青藏高原中西部地区植被遭到破坏,退化为沙漠时,使得该地区地面反照率增加,感热输送加强,气温升高,并在西风气流的作用下,30°N以北的东亚大部分地区气温增高,东亚大陆沿海的高度增加。同时,中纬度地区纬向气流减弱,经向气流增强,东亚大槽亦被削弱,整个东亚地区的季节转换将提前。     

春夏季转换期东亚地表热通量对温度月际变化的影响

利用1948—2003年的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了东亚地区春夏季节转换期间地面气温变化趋势以及地面热通量对温度季节变化的影响。结果表明,东亚地区4~7月地面气温月际变化存在明显的与纬度有关的南北向差异、与海陆分布有关的东西向差异以及大陆上中低纬地区以90°E为分界线的东西向差异,大陆上温度月际变化比海洋上显著。通过对月际变温指数的研究发现,中南半岛以及高原东侧在4~5月月际变温明显,印度半岛及高原西侧6~7月月际变温明显,表明月际最大变温有从90°E以东地区向90°E以西地区推进的过程。研究月际变温与地面热通量关系发现,高纬地区大陆上月际温度变化主要与太阳辐射以及潜热变化关系较大,而中低纬地区大陆上月际变温与感热、潜热以及辐射关系都比较密切,且90°E以东的中南半岛及邻近地区的4~5月的月际变温与地面热通量的相关关系最为显著,90°E以西的印度半岛及邻近地区6~7月的月际变温与热通量相关关系最为明显,此时青藏高原西侧辐射以及感热加热作用显著。对于热通量与地面月际变温显著相关区域的进一步分析表明,地面热通量对于温度场的直接影响主要表现在近地层,在高层,两者之间相关关系复杂。     

末次冰期东亚季风气候的数值模拟研究

利用一个Ｔ４２全球大气环流谱模式模拟了现代及末次冰期极盛时期边界条件下的东亚季风气候，并与中国区域内古气候变化的地质证据了对比，综合分析表明，末次末期时东亚冬季风强盛，夏季风衰退，气候大陆度增加。年平均气温普遍下降，我国华南，西北东部至华北，东北地区分别比现代降温２－４℃、８－１０℃及１０℃以上；季风多降水明显减少，与现代相比，东南沿海，江淮至华北，东北地区年降水量分别减少７０－８０％，６０－７０     

东亚地区未来气候变化的CGCM模拟研究

该文用５个全球海气耦合模式的瞬变模拟结果分析了ＣＯ２加倍时东亚地区可能的气候变化。结果表明ＣＯ２加倍时，东亚区域平均的表面温度和表面大气温度明显增加，且增温幅度超过全球平均的增温幅度，区域平均降水增加，尤其是季风区的夏季降水增加显著。另外，还详细讨论了模拟的温度场，环流场，降水场和土壤湿度场等的变化的模式间的差异和季节差异。     

东亚地区应力场的三维数值模拟

本文利用三维线弹性有限元方法模拟欧亚板块东部(主要是中国大陆地区)的三维构造应力场。计算中着重考虑东亚地区地形对该区地应力场的影响。同时考虑了对边界条件的限制,以及岩石在漫长地质时期中体现的流变性质,并在线弹性解上叠加了静岩压力等因素。 对一系列的计算结果进行数值分析,结果表明: 1.除各板块间的相互作用外,现代地形特征对东亚地区应力场分布情况有重要影响。 2.计算结果中,水平向最大主压应力轴走向在中国大陆地区呈辐射状分布,其中心大体上在青藏高原。随着与西部地区距离的增加,水平向最大主压应力值呈降低的趋势。应力方向和数值上的上述特征与震源机制解及原地应力测量结果是一致的。     

DECADAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY OF RAINFALL AROUND THE MIDDLE AND LOWER REACHES OF THE YANGTZE RIVER AND ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION

1 INTRODUCTION Summer climate plays an especially important role in the people’s daily life around East Asia, one of the most populated regions in the world, for most of the regions receive more than 70% of the annual precipitation in summer due to the effect of monsoon climate. Global climate change caused by mankind activities have become a hot topic in recent years, though it is still not clear how these activities result in the climate change around East Asia. Successive studies (Qi…     

Future Projections of Precipitation Characteristics in East Asia Simulated by the MRI CGCM2

Projected changes in precipitation characteristics around the mid-21st century and end-of-the-century are analyzed using the daily precipitation output of the 3-member ensemble Meteorological Research Institute global ocean-atmosphere coupled general circulation model (MRI-CGCM2) simulations under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A2 and B2 scenarios. It is found that both the frequency and intensity increase in about 40% of the globe, while both the frequency and intensity decrease in about 20% of the globe. These numbers differ only a few percent from decade to decade of the 21st century and between the A2 and B2 scenarios. Over the rest of the globe (about one third), the precipitation frequency decreases but its intensity increases, suggesting a shift of precipitation distribution toward more intense events by global warming. South China is such a region where the summertime wet-day frequency decreases but the precipitation intensity increases. This is related to increased atmospheric moisture content due to global warming and an intensified and more westwardly extended North Pacific subtropical anticyclone, which may be related with an E1 Nin^-o-like mean sea surface temperature change. On the other hand, a decrease in summer precipitation is noted in North China, thus augmenting a south-to-north precipitation contrast more in the future.     

Progress in the study on the formation of the summertime subtropical anticyclone

The studies in China on the formation of the summertime subtropical anticyclone on the climate timescale are reviewed. New insights in resent studies are introduced. It is stressed that either in the free atmosphere or in the planetary boundary, the descending arm of the Hadley cell cannot be considered as a mechanism for the formation of the subtropical anticyclone. Then the theories of thermal adaptation of the atmosphere to external thermal forcing and the potential vorticity forcing are developed to understand the formation of the subtropical anticyclone in the three-dimensional domain. Numerical experiments are designed to verify these theories. Results show that in the boreal summer, the formation of the strong South Asian High in the upper troposphere and the subtropical anticyclone over the western Pacific in the middle and lower troposphere is, to a great extent, due to the convective latent heating associated with the Asian monsoon, but affected by orography and the surface sensible heating over the continents.On the other hand, the formation of the subtropical anticyclone at the surface over the northern Pacific and in the upper troposphere over North America is mainly due to the strong surface sensible heating over North America, but affected by radiation cooling over the eastern North Pacific. Moreover, in the real atmosphere such individual thermal forcing is well organized. By considering the different diabatic heating in synthesis, a quadruple heating pattern is found over each subtropical continent and its adjacent oceans in summer. A distinct circulation pattern accompanies this heating pattern. The global summer subtropical heating and circulation may be viewed as “mosaics” of such quadruplet heating and circulationpatterns respectively. At last, some important issues for further research in understanding and predicting the variations of the subtropical anticyclone are raised.     

夏季青藏高原上中尺度对流系统初生阶段特征

应用逐时GMS—5卫星红外云图云顶黑体辐射温度TBB资料，对1998—2000年夏季(6、7、8月)东亚地区各网格点的TBB按TBB≤-32℃及TBB≤-52℃这两个对流云顶阈值范围出现的频率进行了统计，结果表明，对流云顶TBB阈值出现的频率分布可以客观地揭示对流的地理分布和日变化特征。     

1951～2009年东亚地区日降水趋势特征分析

研究大陆或次大陆尺度日降水长期趋势变化规律,对于检测、理解区域气候和陆地水循环对全球气候变暖的响应特征十分重要。利用美国国家气候资料中心(NCDC)和中国基准气候站、基本气象站网降水观测资料,在对该站点资料进行基本质量控制基础上,选取东亚地区619个站1951～2009年日降水数据,按照百分位阈值对降水进行分级,共分为弱、中、强、极强4个级别,用经纬度网格面积加权平均方法构建区域平均的时间序列,分析了各类降水事件长期变化趋势的时空特征。结果表明:东亚地区近59年平均总降水量表现出不显著下降趋势,降水日数没有出现趋势性变化,平均日降水强度略有减小;区域平均的年降水量、降水日数和日降水强度在中国北方大部、蒙古东部、俄罗斯远东地区南部和日本列岛多呈减少趋势,而在俄罗斯中西伯利亚南部、朝鲜半岛南部和中国长江中下游流域一般表现为增加。从季节上看,近59年东亚区域平均的冬、春季降水量、降水日数和日降水强度均呈增加趋势,而夏、秋季一般呈减少趋势,仅夏季日降水强度略有增加。降水的年内分配出现均匀化趋势。从不同级别降水事件看,近59年来东亚区域平均的各级别降水量均为下降趋势,中降水、强降水和极强降水日数也呈现下降趋势,弱降水日数表现出较明显增加;仅有全区秋季强降水量、日数减少趋势和冬季中降水量、日数增加趋势通过了显著性水平检验。分析还发现,近30年(1980～2009年)东亚地区日降水趋势变化出现了新的特征,主要表现为大部分地区降水日数呈现增加,日降水强度减少,45°N以南多数台站降水量也增加,全区降水有向非极端化方向发展趋势。