1991年江淮梅雨期对称不稳定与降水关系的诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对1991年5月18日—7月13日江淮地区梅雨期的湿位涡、正压湿位涡、斜压湿位涡以及它们的扰动量进行了诊断分析,并讨论了经向风场及温度、湿度场和大气对称不稳定度的演变特征及其与降水的关系。结果表明:对流层低层的对称不稳定度与降水的发生发展有较好的对应关系,较强对称不稳定对应较强降水的发生,当对称不稳定度减弱,降水也随之减弱或渐止。对称不稳定度的大小与对流不稳定、惯性不稳定以及大气湿斜压性和风的垂直切变紧密相关。西南风活跃、冷暖空气交汇,形成对称不稳定倾斜上升气流区,是导致在梅雨锋上暖湿空气一侧发生强降水的重要原因。     

A STUDY ON THE IMPACTS OF LATENT HEAT PARAMETERIZATION SCHEME ON PREDICTION SKILL OF ENSO WITH A SIMPLE OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE COUPLED

This study revises Weare’s latent heat parameterization scheme and conducts an associated theoretic analysis. The revised Weare’s scheme is found to present potentially better results than Zebiak’s scheme. The Zebiak-Cane coupled ocean-atmosphere model, initialized by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis of wind stress anomaly at 925 hPa, is referred to as the ZCW coupled model. The atmosphere models of the ZCW coupled model that use Zebiak’s scheme and the revised Weare’s scheme are referred to as the ZCW0 and ZCWN atmosphere models, respectively. The coupled ocean-atmosphere models that use Zebiak’s scheme and the revised Weare’s scheme are referred to as the ZCW0and ZCWN coupled models, respectively. The simulations between the ZCW0 and ZCWN atmosphere models and between the ZCW0 and ZCWN coupled models are analyzed. The results include: (1) The evolution of heat, meridional wind and divergence anomalies simulated by similar ZCW0 and ZCWN atmosphere models, although the magnitudes of the former are larger than those of the latter; (2) The prediction skill of the Ni?o3 index from 1982 to 1999 by the ZCWN coupled model shows improvement compared with those by the ZCW0 coupled model; (3) The analysis of El Ni?o events in 1982/1983, 1986/1987, and 1997/1998 and La Ni?a events in 1984/1985, 1988/1989, and 1998/2000 suggests that the ZCWN coupled model is better than the ZCW0 coupled model in predicting warm event evolution and cold event generation. The results also show the disadvantage of the ZCWN coupled model for predicting El Ni?o     

“海棠”台风（2005）结构对其降水影响的Q矢量分解研究

摘要： 基于WRF模式对2005年台风“海棠”登陆降水过程的成功模拟, 本文初步尝试利用修改后的非地转干Q矢量(QN矢量)PG分解, 定量揭示台风结构对台风降水和台风雨强差异形成的影响。结果表明： （1）在台风登陆过程的不同阶段, 对台风降水起主要贡献的台风结构因子是不同的。在台风登陆过程前12 h期间, 对降水贡献最为显著的为QNshdv, 其次是QNalst和QNcrst, 而QNcurv的贡献最小; 在后12 h期间, 对降水贡献最为显著的为QNcrst, 其次是QNcurv, QNshdv的贡献列第三, 而QNalst的贡献最小。（2）各台风结构因子QNalst、 QNcurv、 QNshdv及QNcrst对台风降水发生的贡献都存在明显的时、 空变化。（3）在台风登陆降水过程中, 对每个时刻暴雨雨强形成有贡献的台风结构因子是不同的。相对来讲, QNcurv对暴雨、 大暴雨及特大暴雨之间雨强差异形成的贡献最为显著, QNalst与QNcrst的贡献情况较为接近, 而QNshdv的贡献则相对最小。通过QN矢量PG分解, 可以定量揭示出登陆台风结构对台风降水的影响, 这也是总的QN矢量（即QN矢量）难以揭示的潜在物理机制。     

A modified moist ageostrophic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Q</Emphasis> vector

The quasi-geostrophic Q vector is an important rainfall associated with large-scale weather systems diagnostic tool for studying development of surface and is calculated using data at single vertical level. When ageostrophic Q vector was introduced, it required data at two vertical levels. In this study, moist ageostrophic Q vector is modified so that it can be calculated using data at a single vertical level. The comparison study between the original and modified moist ageostrophic Q vectors is conducted using the data from 5 to 6 July 1991 during the torrential rainfall event associated with the Changjiang-Huaihe mei-yu front in China. The results reveal that divergences of original and modified moist ageostrophic Q vectors have similar horizontal distributions and their centers are almost located in the precipitation centers. This indicates that modified moist ageostrophic Q vector can be used to diagnose convective development with reasonable accuracy.     

各非地转Q矢量之间的定量比较

结合"海棠"台风在2005年7月19日08:00~20日08:00再次登陆福建省24 h期间所造成的降水过程,在WRF模式成功地模拟了此次降水过程的基础上,利用模式模拟输出结果,通过计算900~600 hPaQ矢量散度的气柱平均值、Q矢量散度强迫产生的降水场,定量比较分析了非地转干Q矢量、非地转湿Q矢量及改进的湿Q矢量的诊断能力差异,结果表明:(1)非地转干Q矢量、非地转湿Q矢量及改进的湿Q矢量散度辐合场,对同期模拟雨区都具有一定指示作用,同时,非地转湿Q矢量和改进的湿Q矢量的散度辐合强度都较非地转干Q矢量散度辐合强度强,且改进的湿Q矢量散度辐合强度强于非地转湿Q矢量散度辐合强度,尤其是在主雨区表现的更为明显。相对来讲,改进的湿Q矢量散度辐合场对雨区的反映能力最强。(2)非地转湿Q矢量散度与改进的湿Q矢量散度强迫产生的降水范围几乎相同,且明显较非地转干Q矢量散度强迫产生的雨区范围大,相对来讲,与同期模拟降水场的雨区更接近。改进的湿Q矢量散度强迫产生的降水强度最强,非地转湿Q矢量散度强迫次之,非地转干Q矢量散度强迫产生的降水强度最弱。三种Q矢量散度强迫产生的降水强度都明显弱于同期模式模拟的降水强度,相对来讲,改进的湿Q矢量散度强迫产生的降水强度更接近于模拟的降水强度。(3)三种Q矢量散度场以及强迫产生的降水场之间的差异,充分表明此次台风降水过程中伴有大量的大尺度稳定水汽凝结潜热和对流水汽凝结潜热释放,考虑了水汽凝结潜热加热作用的非地转湿Q矢量与改进的湿Q矢量,对降水反映能力均较非地转干Q矢量有所改进,尤其是后者。     

非地转湿Q矢量对0505号“海棠”台风特大暴雨过程的诊断研究

利用NCEP和地面雨量资料,应用非地转湿Q矢量三维结构对2005年"海棠"台风在浙江造成的特大暴雨过程进行诊断研究,结果表明:大暴雨和特大暴雨发生地区上空非地转湿Q矢量在低层存在强烈辐合,辐合区的垂直伸展深度和随高度的变化倾向能预示未来降水的强度和移动趋势;多数大暴雨和特大暴雨发生地850hPa高度的非地转湿Q矢量辐合极大值与降水极大值存在12h的滞后相关,大暴雨和特大暴雨发生地的辐合值往往在50×10-17hPa-1s-3和150×10-17hPa-1s-3以上,平均辐合极大值分别达到了121.89×10-17hPa-1s-3和237.65×10-17hPa-1s-3:850hPa的非地转湿Q矢量散度水平分布对未来12h台风强降水的落区有较好指示意义,大暴雨和特大暴雨的落区常位于强辐合区附近;850hPa非地转湿Q矢量流场的中尺度辐合线的活动与强雨区的移动相对应,两者走向也基本一致,能预示出后期台风大暴雨和特大暴雨落区演变的一些细致特征.     

LAPS上海本地化及其在局地对流天气中的应用研究

本文首先基于地面自动站、探空、雷达和卫星资料,开展局地分析预报系统(Local Analysis and Prediction System,LAPS)上海本地化研究,并结合2010—2014年夏季6个局地对流天气个例对其性能进行检验评估。结果表明:雷达径向风资料对LAPS风速分析影响较大,使分析场风速廓线与探空廓线的均方根误差缩小约7.66%;风云卫星资料能够改善LAPS温度和相对湿度,使分析场温度、相对湿度廓线与探空廓线的均方根误差分别缩小约9.09%和14.01%;探空气球飘移对本文LAPS分析场检验影响不明显。进一步将LAPS分析场用于2011年8月13日、2014年8月4日两次局地对流个例分析表明:LAPS高时空分辨率的分析场能够反映中小尺度天气系统的时空变化,在天气尺度背景并不十分有利于对流生成的情况下,热岛、海陆风环流的形成和持续对上海夏季局地对流天气的发生和发展起到关键作用。     

一种基于粗糙度分布的大风风速降尺度方法初步研究——以上海市域为例

精细准确预报大风风速对于风功率预报和风灾防御具有重要意义。本文以上海市域为研究区域,基于形态学方法估算上海市域空气动力学粗糙度分布,并通过近地层分层风速插值方法推算上海市域10 m高度精细风速分布。针对2016年1月23日20时—24日20时一次大风过程开展实证检验,对比分析降尺度模拟风速、地面实测风速、ECMWF预报10 m风速的空间分布、时间变化以及垂直廓线特征。结果表明,该方法可以较好地模拟上海市域风速大小的精细空间分布,模拟精度总体上表现为中心城区精度高、郊区精度稍低,但相比于ECMWF预报10 m风速分布有了明显提高,可以为风速的精细化预报提供技术支撑。     

STUDY ON THE GENESIS OF ASYMMETRICAL DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF PRECIPITATION ASSOCIATED WITH THE TYPHOON HAITANG (2005) FROM THE VIEW OF ATMOSPHERIC FACTOR

The distribution of precipitation field from the typhoon Haitang (2005) during its landing on Fujian province shows obvious asymmetric feature. Based on the NCEP/NCAR FNL (Final Analysis) data, this study reveals the contributions of atmospheric factor to the asymmetrical distribution characteristics of precipitation associated with the typhoon, through the analysis of water vapor condition, vertical ascending motion condition, the calculation of the dry Q vector and its decomposition, and adiabatic heating in the air column of 1000hPa -600hPa (lower atmosphere) and 500hPa-100hPa (upper atmosphere). The results are as follows: (1) In the lower atmosphere, the humidity on both sides of typhoon path can be equivalent, while it is more wet on the right side than left in the upper atmosphere, which obviously presents asymmetric distribution characteristics. (2) Both range and intensity of the vertical motion on the right side are wider and stronger than counterparts on the left side no matter in the lower or upper atmosphere. (3) In the upper atmosphere, forcing role of atmosphere in vertical upward motion on the right side of typhoon path is the same as that on the left, while it is significantly different in the lower atmosphere, which is significantly broader in scope and stronger in the intensity, along with obvious asymmetric distribution characteristics. In addition, the further analysis of the Q vector decomposition indicates that the forcing effect of mesoscale weather systems on vertical upward motion is stronger than that of large scale weather systems in the lower atmosphere. (4) The adiabatic heating always exists on both lower and upper atmosphere, and the range and intensity of the adiabatic heating forcing showed asymmetric distribution on both lower and upper atmosphere. (5) In a summary, the upper atmosphere humidity conditions, the forcing role of lower atmosphere in vertical upward motion, especially, to mesoscale weather system, and adiabatic heating in the lower atmosphere, all show similar asymmetric distribution characteristics to that of precipitation field from the typhoon Haitang (2005), that is to say, the atmospheric factors as mentioned above are all contributed to genesis of the asymmetric distribution characteristics of precipitation.     

应用湿Q矢量诊断梅雨锋暴雨

利用湿Q矢量，结合改进的MM4（MMM4）模式模拟输的加密资料，细致地诊断分析了1991－07－05T20－06T20一次典型的江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程，结果表明：湿Q矢量散度辐合场随高度向倾斜；在梅雨锋暴雨发展，衰亡阶段，湿Q矢量散度散，合场在垂直方向上主要呈现出了相间分布的特点；从湿Q矢量散度辐合场这个角度探讨了梅雨锋暴雨的内在机理，并给出了梅雨锋暴雨具体预后的新思路。