层状土壤条件下地下滴灌水氮运移模型及应用

基于土壤水分运动的动力学方程和溶质运移的对流-弥散方程,考虑地下滴灌灌水器流量随时间的变化,建立了层状土壤地下滴灌施用硝酸铵(NH4NO3)条件下水氮运移的数学模型。利用均质砂土(S)、均质壤土(L)、上砂下壤(SL)和砂土夹层(LSL)四种土壤的试验数据对模型进行了验证。结果指出,考虑土壤中灌水器流量随时间变化可稍改善土壤含水率和硝态氮的模拟精度。利用验证后的数学模型研究了灌水器流量(1.1、1.75和2.6L/h)、灌水器与犁底层相对位置对地下滴灌水氮分布的影响,模拟结果表明灌水器流量对含水率分布的影响不明显,但灌水器流量的增大可明显增加20~40cm土层硝态氮含量;灌水器与犁底层相对位置对水氮分布影响显著,灌水器位于犁底层中(埋深25cm)土壤表层干土层较薄、水氮向下运移深度较小,有利于减小土壤蒸发和避免水氮淋失。     

考虑变形非线性影响的有限土体土压力计算模型

分析了墙后有限土体的破坏模式及位移特征。对墙后土体梯形滑动楔体进行分区处理,分别采用薄层单元法建立了极限状态土压力强度一阶微分方程,导出了有限土体极限土压力理论公式。在此基础上,考虑土压力的非极限状态与极限状态的关联性,建立了土体位移与土压力的关系式,提出了考虑土体位移非线性影响的有限土体土压力计算模型。该模型可考虑围护结构挠曲变形等非线性位移对土压力发挥的影响,且参数简单物理意义明确。与试验实测数据对比表明,该方法相比规范方法更接近于实测值,可供相关设计计算参考。     

软土弹塑性损伤有限元分析

目的从损伤力学的角度,对传统的剑桥模型进行修正．方法通过建立一种土体损伤演化本构模型,研究常见的中心差分、Galerkin差分和全隐式差分等3种格式对Biot固结损伤有限元分析的影响变化规律．结果3种差分格式对利用Biot固结损伤有限元计算路基沉降和孔压时的影响很小,得到的解答基本一致;但Crank—Nicholson差分、Galerkin差分和全隐式差分等这三种积分常数在影响材料损伤发展方面不同,Crank—Nicholson差分影响最小,而全隐式差分影响最大;在影响材料硬化率方面,影响规律与损伤发展影响规律正好相反,即Crank—Nicholson差分影响最大,而全隐式差分影响最小．结论修正后的模型对于解决包含此类问题的工程难题具有一定的参考价值．     

含大尺寸块石岩土材料土水特征曲线的试验

利用压力板法对乐昌峡坝肩边坡岩土材料的土水特性进行了室内试验研究,测量并分析了含大尺寸块石的强风化岩层的土水特征曲线.首先,对于含大尺寸块石的强风化岩层,本试验依据颗粒级配配比原料,按照一定的干密度制备试样,测量了强风化重塑试样的土水特征曲线,比较了左、右岸强风化岩层的土水特性;其次,测量了全风化原状土和重塑土的土水特征曲线,对比分析了强风化岩层与全风化岩层的土水特性差异,总结了含大尺寸块石强风化材料土水特性的特点,并就试验合理性展开相关讨论;最后,拟合了各种材料的土水特征曲线,得到相关表征各材料土水特性的参数.试验研究表明:影响含大尺寸块石岩土材料土水特性的因素中,颗粒级配的影响明显强于矿物成分的影响;与全风化土质材料相比,含大尺寸块石强风化岩层试样含水量较低,残余含水率偏小,持水能力较弱,且相对于全风化岩层原状试样和重塑试样,强风化岩层重塑试样的土水特性更接近于全风化岩层重塑试样.该试验对含大尺寸块石岩土材料土水特性的试验研究进行了初步探索,试验结果对乐昌峡工程具有一定的指导意义.     

Energy flux characteristics of seismic waves at the interface between soil layers with different saturations

Based on the multiphase poroelasticity theory describing the propagation of waves in the unsaturated fluid-saturated porous medium, the reflection and transmission coefficients of the seismic waves at the interface between soil layers with different saturations are obtained. Our unsaturated model consists of a deformable skeleton in which two compressible and viscous fluids (i.e., water and gas) flow in the interstices. Three compressional waves (i.e., P1, P2, and P3 waves) and one shear (i.e., S wave) wave exist in the unsaturated soils. The expressions for the energy ratios of the various reflected and transmitted waves at the interface during the transmission and reflection processes are presented in explicit forms accordingly. At last, numerical computations are performed and the results obtained are respectively depicted graphically. The variation of the energy ratios with the incident angle, wave frequency and saturation degrees of the upper and lower soil layers is illustrated in detail. The calculation results show that the allocation of incident seismic waves at the interface is influenced not only by the angle and frequency of the incident seismic waves, but also by the saturations of the upper and lower soil layers. It is also verified that, at the interface, the sum of energy ratios of the reflected and transmitted waves is approximately equal to unity as was expected. This study is of importance to several fields such as geotechnical engineering, seismology, and geophysics.     

Zinc equilibria in submerged sodic soils as influenced by application of amendments

In a pot culture experiment, the effect of gypsum (50% of soil requirement), pyrites (equivalent to gypsum), farmyard manure (0.5 g per 100g soil) and Zn (10mg Zn kg^–1 soil) on Zn equilibria in Ghabdan and Langrian series of sodic soils was studied. The equilibrium soil solutions collected anaerobically after 1, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84 days of submergence were analysed for pH, EC, HCO₃ and Zn. Submergence markedly decreased soil solution pH and Zn up to 14 days and thereafter, the former slightly increased and the latter continued to decrease. Addition of amendments decreased soil solution pH in the order gypsum, pyrites and farmyard manure (FYM) and increased Zn concentration in the order FYM, gypsum and pyrites. The values of Zn potential (pZn + 2pOH) were within the range of pKsp for Zn(OH)₂-Zn²⁺ (aq) from 16 to 84 days of submergence in Ghabdan soil and from 9 to 42 days of submergence in Langrian soil, where later it shifted to ZnCO₃-Zn²⁺ (aq) system. Addition of FYM, pyrites and gypsum shortened the period of predominant existence of Zn(OH)₂-Zn²⁺ (aq) system to 40, 30 and 12 days in Ghabdan soil and 30, 20 and 6 days in Langrian soil respectively. After these periods the system was saturated with respect to ZnCO₃-Zn²⁺ (aq) except gypsum treatment where Zn-soil (unknown solid phases) -Zn²⁺ (aq) system controlled the solubility of Zn after 38 and 28 days of submergence of Ghabdan and Langrian soil respectively.     

结构性软土微观结构参数及结构性流变模型

目的为了从微观结构的角度建立软土的结构性流变模型．方法利用扫描电子显微镜，对软土固结流变过程中SEM图片进行图像处理，研究反映软土流变特征的微观参数，分析这些参数的变化规律．结果反映微结构单元体有序性和定向性的概率熵和分维值的变化规律和软土的固结蠕变变形关系密切，由此确立了软土的微观参数与宏观流变力学行为的定量关系，进而建立了含微观参数的结构性软土固结流变本构模型．结论模型检验表明，采用反映软土微结构单元体有序性和定向性的指标而建立的结构性流变模型是可行的．     

土的渗透性预测方法与工程应用

基于长江河口地区沉积物的特点,分析了该区域天然沉积土的渗透性能,得出渗透系数显著偏低的结论。采用孔隙特征预测土的渗透系数的方法,成功预测了长江口北岸天然沉积土的渗透系数,预测得到的渗透系数高出室内渗透试验结果一个数量级以上。这一结果应用于通启高速公路建设,取得了良好的经济和社会效益,具有很高的参考价值。     

邯郸击实膨胀土的微结构与含水量关系研究

定性分析了邯郸击实膨胀土在不同含水量下的结构形式,发现邯郸击实膨胀土的微结构在含水量较低时,表现为集粒结构;在含水量较高时,定向性增强,趋于紊流结构。利用Matlab数字图形处理工具,结合像素的概念,通过编程计算不同含水量下土的颗粒分布分维,发现含水量较低时,分维值较大,颗粒集团化低;含水量较高时,分维值较小,颗粒集团化高。     

Electrokinetic Remediation of Cadmium-Contaminated Clay

Electrokinetic extraction has been demonstrated to be very effective in removing heavy metals from Georgia kaolinite. The relatively high removal efficiency depends on the extremely acidic soil environment generated by the electrokinetic process. However, the efficiency observed in Georgia kaolinite cannot be achieved in soils of high acid/base buffer capacity without enhancement. In this study, the effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to enhance electrokinetic extraction of cadmium from Milwhite kaolinite was examined. The influence of electro-osmotic flow direction on the migration of cadmium, EDTA, and their complexes were also investigated. It was observed that injection of EDTA from the cathode reservoir by a reverse electro-osmotic flow could mobilize the cadmium in the specimen effectively. A less significant mobilization of cadmium was observed when the electro-osmotic flow was directed toward the cathode. However, accumulation of cadmium near the anode was observed regardless of the electro-osmotic flow direction.