Phosphate sorption isotherms for evaluating phosphorus requirement of wetland rice soils

Summary Phosphate sorption isotherms were developed for five Philippine wetland rice soils using the conventional technique and a modified one. In the conventional method, P requirements of soils varied between 280 and 810 g P/g soil. In the modified method, they varied from 160 to 540 g P/g soil at 0.2 ppm P in solution. Soils with high P-sorption capacities had vermiculite and halloysite as the dominant clay minerals. Soil reduction by flooding decreased P-sorption by 28–70 percent at 0.2 ppm P in solution. The decrease in P-sorption due to soil reduction was greatest in a crystalline soil with vermiculite and halloysite as the dominant clay minerals and least in a soil with dominant X-ray amorphous silicates in the clay fraction.Desorption of freshly adsorbed P under reduction was greater in HCO ₃ ^– solution than in CaCl₂ and it increased with level of applied P. Desorption patterns of freshly adsorbed P were similar to adsorption patterns but values of P in solution were lower at desorption. Soils varied with respect to desorption of freshly sorbed P. Desorption studies indicate that soils vary in intensity factor with respect to P and thus influence P availability to plants. Use of P-sorption and P-desorption data obtained under reduced soil condition was proposed for detecting P needs of submerged rice soils.Results of a pot study with IR36 at different levels of solution P (reduced) in one soil indicated a high degree of correlation between adjusted P levels and the measured growth parameters. About 0.12 ppm P in the soil solution or 0.46 ppm P desorbed in HCO ₃ ^– solution (equivalent to 100 mg P/kg soil) was adequate for near-maximum plant height, tiller production, total dry matter yield, plant P content, and total P uptake.     

光对水稻(Oryza sativa)幼苗乙醇酸氧化酶活性的影响

水稻黄化幼苗用白光照射3～5小时后可诱导出乙醇酸氧化酶活性。绿色水稻幼苗在黑暗中乙醇酸氧化酶活性逐渐下降以至消失,再给以照光又恢复酶活性。亚胺环己酮对光的诱导及再诱导均有抑制作用。在黑暗中真空渗入乙醇酸于黄化幼苗可诱导出乙醇酸氧化酶活性,渗入乙醇酸加FMN能使酶活性迅速增强。弱的白光以及红、绿,蓝光均有诱导作用。因此认为光的诱导作用是使黄化幼苗形成乙醇酸——作为诱导物,以诱导乙醇酸氧化酶的新合成。光也可以加速叶组织内FMN的合成,从而提高乙醇酸氧化酶的活性。     

杂交水稻及三系在发育过程中的酯酶同工酶比较研究

本文报道了利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,测定杂交水稻及三系亲本共50个组合的萌动胚、芽,不同发育时期的叶片、根、雄蕊等12个组织或器官的酯酶同工酶的结果。根据所测结果,可把杂交水稻的酯酶同工酶酶谱分为5种类型:互补型、偏父型、偏母型、同型和“杂种”酶谱。强优势组合以互补型酶谱居多,弱优势组合都是同型酶谱,“杂种”酶谱仅见于V优64的幼穗分化期叶片和V优63、汕优63的三叶期叶片中。不同器官的互补酶谱都可作为预测杂种比势,鉴定杂交稻种子的纯度和真实性以及选配新杂交组合的一个手段或依据,但以对萌动胚或幼芽的测定更有实践意义。     

水稻品种超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性与氧抑光合的关系

O_2抑光合程度不同的水稻品种,SOD活性存在差异。在40％O_2下,SOD活性被诱导增加水平高、延续时间长的品种,表现O_2抑光合程度小,反之则O_2抑光合程度大。在自然条件下,强光、高温都是诱导SOD活性变化的因素。选择SOD活性高、O_2抑光合程度小的种质资源可能有利于适应对光合不利的逆境条件。     

水稻叶片衰老过程中氨肽酶活性的变化

水稻叶片中存在着氨肽酶,其最适反应pH和最适反应温度分别为8.2℃和40℃,酶促反应的产物量在最初30min内与时间呈直线相关。 水稻叶片衰老过程中叶绿素和蛋白质含量下降,而氨肽酶比活上升;用植物激素延缓或促进叶片衰老蛋白质降解的同时也抑制或促进了氨肽酶比活的上升,说明氨肽酶在水稻叶片衰老蛋白质降解过程中起一定的作用。根据水稻叶片衰老过程中大分子化合物和叶片外部形态的变化,可将叶片衰老过程划分为缓衰期、急衰期和竭衰期。     

Anther and tissue culture-induced grain chalkiness and associated variants in rice

Rice, Oryza sativa, plants regenerated from anther culture with and without in vitro selection pressure were evaluated for chalky seed. Progeny evaluated included 21 spontaneously doubled haploids selfed 4 times, progeny from plants regenerated from S-aminoethylcysteine resistant callus selfed 4 times and backcrosses of both types to the parental type. All lines with in vitro histories had higher seed chalkiness than the controls both in the intensity of chalkiness and in the number of seeds expressing the character. The full range of intensity and amount of chalkiness was expressed in the progeny. The average intensity of anther/tissue culture-derived progeny was 4–5, based on a scale of 1 (translucent) to 10 (fully opaque), and the average amount of chalkiness within plants sampled was 50–75 percent. The chalky characteristic is transmitted from parent to offspring into a range of identifiable F₂ segregants. Disclaimer statement Mention of a trademark or proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the USDA, and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may also be suitable.     

Glutamate synthase in rice roots. Studies on the electron donor specificity

Rice root glutamate synthase activity was assayed with various reducing systems. Ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase (EC 1.4.7.1) and pyridine nucleotide-dependent glutamate synthase (NADH, EC 1.4.1.14; or NADPH, EC 1.4.1.13) exhibited a strict specificity for the electron donor. The ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase from rice roots could accept electrons from photoreduced ferredoxin in an illuminated reconstituted spinach chloroplast system. Thioredoxin, a potent electron carrier, was not able to provide either ferredoxin-dependent or pyridine nucleotide-dependent glutamate synthase with electrons as no glutamate formation was detected in the presence of reduced thioredoxin f or m.     

Changes in polyamines and related enzymes with loss of viability in rice seeds

Putrescine, spermidine and spermine of high vigour, low vigour and non-viable (classes 1, 2 and 3 respectively) seeds of Oryza sativa increased with loss of viability. The largest concentration of spermine was found in non-viable embryos. Spermine was absent in the husks of all the three categories of seeds. Arginine decarboxylase was greatest in high vigoured seeds and its activity gradually declined with loss of viability. However, diamine oxidase and polyamine oxidase activities gradually increased with the loss of viability of the seeds while DNA, RNA and protein contents decreased. The total content of polyamines increased on kinetin treatment but declined on ABA treatment. DNA, RNA and protein followed the same trend as polyamines. The polyamine contents increased by ca 3- and 4-fold, respectively, in high vigoured and low vigoured seeds on 10^?4 M kinetin treatment. The activity of ADC followed the same change as that of the polyamines in both cases, but the reverse was observed for the activities of diamine and polyamine oxidases.     

钾营养对水稻光合器功能的效应与谷粒产量的影响

水稻广陆矮四号和威优35盆栽试验的结果表明,施钾使叶绿体内基粒增多,Hill反应及光合磷酸化活力增强。分蘖末期在叶绿体反应液中添加KCl也可提高非环式光合磷酸化活力。适量施钾降低量子需要量可能与上述效应有关。钾使叶片超微结构改善:乳突大而多;硅化程度明显增加,故叶片更直立。叶水势及净光合率提高,两者呈直线正相关。灌桨期剑叶净光合率与谷粒产量呈直线正相关。     

5,6-二氯吲哚乙酸对水稻幼苗芽鞘向地性的影响

5,6-Cl_2-IAA可以诱导水稻芽鞘产生斜向地性生长。其倾斜角度与外加5,6-Cl_2-IAA的剂量呈线性关系,其反应具有特异性(IAA,6-BA,ABA和BR均不能诱导这种反应)。反应可在2～3h后产生,它可作为5,6-Cl_2-IAA的生物检定依据。切除芽鞘顶尖或外加TIBA对这一反应无明显影响,另外乙烯生物合成抑制剂AVG也不能消除5,6-Cl_2-IAA诱导的斜向地性生长。