重金属Pb与抗生素对发光菌的联合毒性研究

重金属是水环境中的典型无机污染物,随着水体中抗生素检出率的增加,重金属和抗生素的复合污染及其效应已成为环境领域的研究热点。通过研究重金属和抗生素对发光菌的发光抑制作用,可以了解重金属和抗生素的毒性效应,为评估重金属和抗生素复合污染在水环境中的潜在风险提供理论依据。本文利用便携式急性毒性检测仪,系统研究了重金属Pb和6种抗生素(四环素、氧四环素、氯四环素、磺胺二甲基嘧啶、磺胺甲基嘧啶和磺胺嘧啶)对费氏弧菌的单一和联合急性毒性,得到了单一污染物的半数效应浓度,并对重金属Pb和抗生素所组成的二元、三元复合污染体系的联合作用进行初步探讨。研究表明,当Pb与抗生素共存时,对发光菌的急性毒性急剧上升。因此,在评价Pb与抗生素二元或多元复合污染体系的生态风险时,应考虑其联合毒性作用。     

Screening of diverse cassava genotypes based on nitrogen uptake efficiency and yield

As one of the top three tuber crops of the world, cassava is a staple food and feed crop for tropical and subtropical regions. Because of its high drought resistance and tolerance to nutrient deficiency, cassava is usually cultivated on hilly areas that are nutrient-poor. Nitrogen(N) is one of the significant factors affecting cassava yield. A double factorial(N level×genotypes) split-plot field experiment was conducted to analyze differences in yield and N accumulation of 25 cassava genotypes under low-N conditions to screen for cassava genotypes with high-N efficiency. The two-year field experiment showed that cassava yield and N accumulation are determined by specific genotypes, soil N levels, and year. Among these factors, soil N levels are the main factors that are responsible for differences in cassava yield. When yield and relative N accumulation under low-N conditions were used as screening markers, we identified an efficient and responsive genotype(SC10), and two inefficient and non-responsive genotypes(SC205 and GR5). The efficient and responsive genotype and the inefficient and non-responsive genotype can be used as study materials to further reveal the mechanisms for high-N efficiency in cassava.     

Effect of plant density in coupled aquaponics on the welfare status of African catfish,Clarias gariepinus

We investigated the effects of plant density on the welfare of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, in coupled aquaponics over 85 days. The moderate density (mpd) of basil, Ocimum basilicum, was compared with the high density (hpd) and control (n = 0). The behavior was analyzed by visual and video observations, and after the application of induced stressors, skin injuries, blood glucose, lactate, and plasma cortisol responses were considered. The hpd fish showed the least activity (control: visual 77.8%, video 81.6%; mpd: 74.6%, 82.6%; hpd: 63.2% [p < 0.05], 78.8%). High agonistic behavior (control: 5, 131; mpd: 4, 57; hpd: 1, 45) and the highest number of injuries (control: 3.9; mpd: 2.9; hpd: 3.4) were observed in the control. Glucose and lactate levels did not differ significantly (control: 5.5, 2.6 mmol/L; mpd: 5.6, 2.7 mmol/L; hpd: 5.3, 2.6 mmol/L); however, cortisol levels did (control: 18.8 ng/mL, mpd: 19.9 ng/mL, hpd: 25.8 ng/mL). pH adjustment led to additional stress, resulting in temporal cortisol alterations. While in the control and mpd, low cortisol levels were followed by acute responses and downregulation, the hpd fish showed prior elevation and lagged an acute response. However, comparing injuries and behavioral patterns with control, aquaponics with high basil density influenced African catfish positively.     

Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block in Shetland Ponies: A Description of a Three-Point Injection Technique and Evaluation of Potential Analgesic Effects

Colic surgery is one of the most painful procedures carried out in horses. Common strategies to alleviate immediate postsurgical abdominal pain include the administration of potent systemic analgesics; however, these may cause unwanted adverse effects such as cardiovascular depression, ileus, and ataxia. The administration of local anesthetics at the incision site in form of an ultrasound-guided subcostal transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block may therefore be preferred to provide adequate analgesia without significant side effects. To date, no technique for a TAP block in horses undergoing median celiotomy has been described. The objective of the study was to develop a TAP block technique, which will lead to the desensitization of the ventrolateral abdominal wall and adjacent skin area of experimental Shetland Ponies using bupivacaine 0.125%. This is a prospective, blinded, self-controlled trial. A cadaver study was performed to determine the ideal injection points and the volume required to stain the nerves responsible for the sensation of the ventrolateral abdominal wall and skin in Shetland pony cadavers (i.e., T9–L 2). Subsequently, using the ideal injectate volume and the landmarks obtained in the first phase of the study, six Shetland ponies received a bilateral TAP injection, either with a local anesthetic solution (bupivacaine 0.125%) or with saline in a randomized, crossover, blinded fashion. Effectiveness was determined over a 4 hour postinjection time, by using a pinprick technique. Significant differences were found to the responses of the pinprick evaluation between the bupivacaine- and saline-treated sides after 30 minutes of TAP block injection. Reported “learned behavior” could have affected the results of the pinprick testing. The TAP block technique reported in this study using bupivacaine 0.125% appeared effective in desensitizing the lower abdomen of ponies for up to 2 hours. Further research is required to apply this technique in horses undergoing celiotomy. Potentially larger volumes and/or higher concentrations of bupivacaine may be necessary to provide longer duration of action of the block.     

玉米粉淀粉含量近红外模型建立与优化

以230份玉米自交系为样本，采用旋光法与一阶导数及去一条直线的光谱预处理法，构建玉米粉样淀粉含量的近红外分析（NIRS）模型。研究标明，该模型可显著提高子粒淀粉含量预测的准确性。该模型的定标标准偏差（RMSEE）、交叉验证标准偏差（RMSECV）、外部验证标准偏差（RMSEP）、定标相关系数（R_cal²）、交叉验证相关系数（R_cv²）、外部验证相关系数（R_cv²）分别为0.609、0.722、0.738、0.909、0.864和0.854。建立的玉米粉样NIRS模型可将预测值与化学值偏差控制在1.7%内，能够准确定量分析玉米子粒淀粉含量，应用于育种材料早期筛选及群体水平粗淀粉分析。     

扁杆藨草持续危害对棉花农艺和经济性状的影响

【目的】研究扁杆藨草持续危害对棉花的影响,为棉田该杂草科学防治提供依据。【方法】扁杆藨草种群密度设为60 株/m² ,测定其持续危害0、10、20、30、40、50 、60 d和全生育期棉花株高、茎粗、主茎节数、结铃数、单铃重、产量和纤维品质指标。【结果】棉花株高和茎粗随扁杆藨草危害持续期延长而减小。扁杆藨草持续危害期小于30 d,对棉花主茎节数和果枝数影响不显著,大于30 d则显著减少。扁杆藨草持续危害期对棉花中部和下部果枝结铃数影响不显著,显著引起上部果枝结铃数、单铃重减少。扁杆藨草持续危害期大于10 d,可使棉花产量显著减少,导致棉纤维品质指标下降。【结论】依据棉花产量指标,扁杆藨草防除应不晚于棉花打顶前30 d。     

生物炭对黑土区坡耕地土地生产力的可持续效应研究

为探究一次性施加生物炭后对黑土区坡耕地生产力的可持续效应,以东北黑土区3°坡耕地径流小区为研究对象,设置CK(不施用生物炭)和BC(2016年施用75 t/hm~2生物炭,2017、2018年不再施用生物炭)两个处理,于2016—2018年开展了试验研究。结果表明:一次性施入生物炭3年内,土壤容重显著降低(P0.05),第1年降低最明显,为3.87%,孔隙度和总有机碳、铵态N、有效P、速效K含量显著提高(P0.05),p H值则是施炭后前两年显著提高(P_(2016)=0.034、P_(2017)=0.038),分别提高了0.9、0.6,第3年与未施炭处理无显著差异(P_(2018)=0.067);施用生物炭显著提升了土壤的持水能力和保水保土性能,土壤饱和含水率、田间持水率、凋萎系数均显著提高(P0.05),最大增长率分别为5.58%、4.78%、7.29%,年径流深和土壤侵蚀量显著降低(P0.05),年径流深最大减少量为4.92 mm,土壤侵蚀量最大减小率为5.71%;大豆产量和水分利用效率显著提高(P0.05),最大增长率分别为29.01%、16.92%。但生物炭对土地生产力的持续效应逐年减弱,随着生物炭施用年限的延长,BC处理土壤容重线性递增,p H值和总有机碳含量呈幂函数递减,孔隙度和铵态N、有效P、速效K含量线性递减,饱和含水率、田间持水率、凋萎系数线性递减,年径流深和土壤侵蚀量线性递增,大豆产量和水分利用效率分别呈幂函数递减和线性递减。采用改进的TOPSIS(Technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution)模型和GM(1,1)模型测算并预测土地生产力指数,结果显示,BC处理的土地生产力指数均高于CK处理,但其值逐年下降,预计到2021年与CK处理十分接近,表明一次性施用75 t/hm~2生物炭对土地生产力的影响可持续5～6年。研究结果可为东北黑土区生物炭应用提供理论依据。     

纸上意趣——民国时期报刊茶叶广告探析

民国时期(1912~1949)报刊中充斥着大量广告,其研究价值已为学界广泛承认。茶叶广告作为一种商品广告,在传播形式上具有图文并茂的特点,此外还有系列广告的运用。在创意理念上,茶叶广告以送礼、国货、卫生、科学、品牌等为主题,力求契合顾客的情感诉求或需要。民国报刊中的茶叶广告不仅具有审美价值,也包含鲜明的时代特征。     

水杉长链非编码RNA分析

水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)是中国著名的一级保护植物,素有"活化石"之称。为了更好地保护和利用这一重要种质资源,本研究以水杉为实验材料,在全长转录组测序的基础上,利用四个软件对61057个Unigenes进行了蛋白编码潜能预测,最终获得3385个长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNAs,lncRNAs)分子。进一步对这些lncRNAs的长度和数量作统计分析,结果显示,最短为200 nt,最长为11134 nt,平均长度为1956 nt;大部分lncRNAs的长度介于200~2000 nt,占总量的59.5%;在2001~4000 nt的长度范围内,也发现较多的lncRNAs,达到总量的32.2%;在长度为4001~6000 nt的范围内,只有7.6%;长度超过6000 nt的lncRNAs很少,总共只有25个(占总量的0.7%)。本研究结果为水杉资源的保护和利用研究提供了一些分子依据,为其它植物在相关领域的研究提供了一些参考。