Hydrogen Peroxide Production of Individual Nanosecond Pulsed Discharges Submerged in Water of Elevated Conductivity

The production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a key parameter for the performance of pulsed discharges submerged in water utilized as advanced oxidation process. So far, any related assessment of the underlying mechanism was conducted for the application of several hundred discharges, which did not allow for a correlation with physical processes. Moreover, the production was rarely investigated depending on water conductivity as one of the most important parameters for the development of submerged discharges. Accordingly, hydrogen peroxide generation was investigated here for individual single discharge events instigated with 100 ns high-voltage pulses in water with three different conductivities and was associated with the discharge development, i. e. spatial expansion and dissipated electrical energy. The approach necessitated the improvement of an electrochemical flow injection analysis based on the reaction of Prussian blue with H₂O₂. Hydrogen peroxide concentrations were quadratically increasing with propagation time and stable for different water conductivities. H₂O₂ production per unit volume of a discharge was constant over time with an estimated rate constant of 3.2 mol ⋅ m⁻¹ s⁻¹, averaged over the crosssectional area of all discharge filaments. However, the individually dissipated energy increased with conductivity, hence, the production efficiency decreased from 6.1 g ⋅ kWh⁻¹ to 1.4 g ⋅ kWh⁻¹, which was explained by increased resistive losses within the bulk liquid.     

Adaptive Ion-Gel: Stimuli-Responsive,and Self-Healing Ion Gels

Ion gels are an emerging class of polymer gels in which a three-dimensional polymer network swells with an ionic liquid. Ion gels have drawn considerable attention in various fields such as energy and biotechnology owing to their excellent properties including nonvolatility, nonflammability, high ionic conductivity, and high thermal and electrochemical stability. Since the first report on ion gels (published ∼30 years ago), diverse functional ion gels exhibiting impressive physicochemical properties have been reported. In this review, recent developments in functional ion gels that can modulate their physical properties in response to environmental conditions are outlined. Stimuli-responsive ion gels that can adaptively undergo phase transitions in response to thermal and light stimuli are initially discussed, followed by an evaluation of diverse self-healing ion gels that can spontaneously mend mechanical damage through judiciously designed ion-gel networks.     

Physico-Chemical Properties of Magnetic Dicationic Ionic Liquids with Tetrahaloferrate Anions

A series of imidazolium-based symmetrical and asymmetrical dicationic ionic liquids (DcILs) with alkyl spacers of different length and with [FeCl₃Br]⁻ as counter ion have been synthesized. The synthesized DcILs are characterized by using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry, along with single-crystal XRD analysis. Physicochemical properties such as solubility, thermal stability and magnetic susceptibility are also measured. These compounds show low melting points, good solubility in water and organic solvents, thermal stability, and paramagnetism. The products of molar susceptibility and temperature (χ_mol⋅T) for the synthesized DcILs have been found between 4.05 to 4.79 emu mol⁻¹ K Oe⁻¹ and effective magnetic moment values have also been determined to be compared to that expected from the spin-only approximation.     

ChemInform Abstract: Explaining Stability of Transition Metal Carbides — and Why TcC Does Not Exist.

The formation of transition metal (M) carbides M_xC_y and trends of their stability are systematically investigated using the USPEX code within the DFT.     

ChemInform Abstract: Study of Phase Transformation in BaTe2O6 by in situ High‐Pressure X‐Ray Diffraction,Raman Spectroscopy,and First‐Principles Calculations.

The title compound is synthesized by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of BaCO₃ and TeO₂ (air, 550 °C for 6 h, and 650 °C for 12 h).     

离子色谱法在离子液体阴阳离子分析中的应用

离子液体作为一种新型绿色环保有机化合物,因具有饱和蒸气压低、溶解性良好以及电导率高等优异性质,而在化学化工领域中得到了较为广泛的应用,并越来越受到人们的关注。该文综述了近年来离子色谱在离子液体阴阳离子分析中的应用,对离子色谱法分析离子液体阳离子、离子液体阴离子以及同时分析离子液体阴阳离子三方面进行讨论,并对离子色谱法分析离子液体的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Thiol–Ene “Click” Reaction Triggered by Neutral Ionic Liquid: The “Ambiphilic” Character of [hmim]Br in the Regioselective Nucleophilic Hydrothiolation

Thiol–ene “click” chemistry has emerged as a powerful strategy to construct carbon–heteroatom (C? S) bonds, which generally results in the formation of two regioisomers. To this end, the neutral ionic liquid [hmim]Br has been explored as a solvent cum catalyst for the synthesis of linear thioethers from activated and inactivated styrene derivatives or secondary benzyl alcohols and thiols without the requirement of using a metal complex, base, or free radical initiator. Furthermore, detailed mechanistic investigations using ¹H NMR spectroscopy and quadrupole time‐of‐flight electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (Q‐TOF ESI‐MS) revealed that the “ambiphilic” character of the ionic liquid promotes the nucleophilic addition of thiol to styrene through an anti‐Markovnikov pathway. The catalyst recyclability and the extension of the methodology for thiol–yne click chemistry are additional benefits. A competitive study among thiophenol, styrene, and phenyl acetylene revealed that the rate of reaction is in the order of thiol–yne>thiol–ene>dimerization of thiol in [hmim]Br.     

Ionic Liquids as Precursors for Efficient Mesoporous Iron‐Nitrogen‐Doped Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts

A ferrocene‐based ionic liquid (Fe‐IL) is used as a metal‐containing feedstock with a nitrogen‐enriched ionic liquid (N‐IL) as a compatible nitrogen content modulator to prepare a novel type of non‐precious‐metal–nitrogen–carbon (M‐N‐C) catalysts, which feature ordered mesoporous structure consisting of uniform iron oxide nanoparticles embedded into N‐enriched carbons. The catalyst Fe¹⁰@NOMC exhibits comparable catalytic activity but superior long‐term stability to 20 wt % Pt/C for ORR with four‐electron transfer pathway under alkaline conditions. Such outstanding catalytic performance is ascribed to the populated Fe (Fe₃O₄) and N (N2) active sites with synergetic chemical coupling as well as the ordered mesoporous structure and high surface area endowed by both the versatile precursors and the synthetic strategy, which also open new avenues for the development of M‐N‐C catalytic materials.     

果糖一步转化制备呋喃基燃料：溶剂效应及离子液体修饰活性金属对产物选择性的决定作用

在众多生物基化合物中,2,5-二甲基呋喃(DMF)是一种有实用前景的可再生液体生物质燃料,也是一种具有重要价值的化学品,可作为生产对苯二甲酸的原料.2,5-二甲基四氢呋喃(DMTF)是DMF进一步加氢产物,该化合物比DMF更稳定,适合长期保存;由于具有更高的氢碳比,用作生物燃料燃烧时能够释放更多能量.研究生物质资源制备DMF和DMTF对可再生资源制备液体燃料和化学品具有重要意义.从生物质多糖出发制备这两类化合物,中间经历了水解、脱水、加氢、加氢脱氧等多个反应步骤,每一步反应都十分复杂,包含许多副反应途径.此外,由于每一步反应条件的不兼容性,大多数研究集中在分步反应阶段,鲜有文献能够实现从碳水化合物原料直接转化为DMF和DMTF.发展由生物质一锅法多步耦合转化技术制备化学品和燃料,不仅具有科学意义,而且可大大简化反应过程,避免中间产物分离和损失,节省资源和时间,历来受到化学家和工业界的关注.本文利用离子液体对Ru/C催化剂电子性质的修饰作用以及溶剂效应的影响,设计了离子液体/THF双相体系中果糖直接催化转化制备2,5-二甲基呋喃(DMF)和2,5-二甲基四氢呋喃(DMTF)的新路线.该转化过程耦合了果糖脱水制HMF、HMF加氢及加氢脱氧生成DMF和DMTF等多步反应.通常在HMF加氢转化过程中, Ru/C催化剂的高活性易导致HMF深度加氢生成大量开环产物及气体,我们借助离子液体与有机溶剂的不同溶解性,筛选出[BMIm]Cl/THF双相溶剂体系,使极性HMF在离子液体层反应,生成弱极性的DMF和DMTF能及时被THF萃取出来,有效稳定了目标产物.其次,果糖转化为HMF会产生少量水,通常水的存在易导致HMF发生水合等副反应,对下一步的加氢转化是不利因素;然而在本催化体系中,由于[BMIm]Cl能与水以较强的氢键结合形成水合物,对水分子起到了束缚作用,减少了HMF发生水解、水合等副反应的机会.另一方面,离子液体粘度较大,微量水的存在能降低离子液体层粘度,改善传质,从而提高反应速率.在HMF加氢处理过程中,离子液体对DMF和DMTF的生成起了决定作用.当反应体系中不添加离子液体,以THF为溶剂,反应结束后未检测到DMF生成, DMTF的收率仅为2%,但HMF已经完全转化.取气体样品进行GC分析,发现有部分气相产物生成,包括CO2、CH4和C2H6等.液体混合物进行GC-MS检测,发现产物主要包括DHMTF、5-甲基四氢糠醇(MTFA)、四氢糠醇(TFA)、1,2-戊二醇、DMTF、2-己醇和少量戊醇,产物中所有呋喃环结构的双键都发生加氢反应.以上结果表明,没有离子液体的THF中, Ru/C催化的HMF涉氢反应平衡已发生改变.当反应体系中添加0.2 g离子液体[BMIm]Cl进行HMF的加氢时,此时开始有DMF生成,随着[BMIm]Cl量依次增加, DMF以及DMTF的收率也呈上升趋势.1.0 g离子液体获得两种产物最高收率为68%.然而,如果进一步增加[BMIm]Cl的量到2.0 g,呋喃基液体燃料DMF和DMTF的收率却开始下降.综合以上实验结果,我们认为适量的[BMIm]Cl存在有可能会对催化剂物理化学性质造成影响,从而对产物的选择性起了决定性作用.通过对催化剂进行元素分析、XPS、H2-TPR表征以及一系列对比实验证明,离子液体不仅促进果糖脱水转化为HMF,同时在HMF选择性加氢反应中可修饰活性金属电子性质,改变催化路径,是多步串联反应能够耦合的关键因素.在[BMIm]Cl/THF双相溶剂体系中,离子液体的“溶剂笼效应”促进DMF和DMTF高效生成, THF的萃取功能对目标产物的稳定起了关键作用.以上对催化剂和溶剂的合理设计共同促进高产率呋喃基燃料的获得.该研究实现由六碳糖直接选择转化获取DMF和DMTF,为生物质高效催化转化制备生物基能源化学品提供了新思路.     

杂多酸离子液体催化燃油萃取氧化脱硫性能研究

本文首次将一系列含有不同酸性咪唑阳离子和不同杂多酸阴离子的杂多酸离子液体[C4mim]3PW12O40、[COOH-Cmim] 3PW12O40、[SO3H-C3mim]3PW12O40、[SO3H-C3mim]3PMo12O40和[SO3H-C3mim]4 SiW12O40作为催化剂,乙腈为萃取剂,H2O2为氧化剂,用于催化含二苯并噻吩、苯并噻吩及噻吩模型油的萃取氧化脱硫研究中.实验结果显示,杂多酸离子液体催化燃油脱硫性能不仅与阳离子的酸性强弱有关,而且与阴离子结构密切相关.阳离子的催化活性顺序为:[SO3H-C3mim]+＞[COOH-Cmim]+＞[C4mim]+;阴离子的催化活性顺序为PW12O403-＞ PMo12O403-＞ SiW12O404-.其中[SO3H-C3 mim]3 PW12O40催化活性最高,在60℃反应40min的条件下,二苯并噻吩的转化率约为100％,催化不同硫化物的转化率为:二苯并噻吩＞苯并噻吩＞噻吩.此外,该杂多酸离子液体循环使用5次催化活性仅略有下降.