青藏高原拉萨地块北部新元古代中期蛇绿混杂岩带的厘定及其意义

青藏高原南部拉萨地块中分布的中高级变质岩一直被认为是前寒武纪变质基底,但并未获得可靠的年代学证据,对其岩石成因及构造属性也缺乏系统的研究工作,严重制约了对拉萨地块早期构造演化的进一步研究.本文以拉萨地块北部永珠地区念青唐古拉岩群中的正变质岩系及深熔作用成因的长英质脉体为研究对象,进行了系统的岩石学、地球化学及同位素年代学研究.地球化学研究结果表明,永珠地区念青唐古拉岩群中正变质岩系的原岩为一套E-MORB型蛇绿岩、剪切型大洋斜长花岗岩和岛弧岩浆岩组合,深熔脉体则具有典型埃达克岩的特征,暗示高压条件下镁铁质岩石部分熔融的成因;LA-ICP-MS定年结果进一步表明,洋壳的形成时代为758Ma,与Rodinia超大陆裂解时期相一致,可能是在这一期全球性裂解事件中新生的新元古代洋盆记录;在洋壳的运移和进一步的演化过程中形成了730Ma的剪切型大洋斜长花岗岩和742Ma的岛弧岩浆岩;变质锆石定年结果表明大洋可能最终在666Ma的碰撞造山作用中闭合,并在造山带垮塌初期或高压变质岩系折返过程中,由于减压熔融,形成一期660Ma深熔脉体.本文的研究证明了拉萨地块前寒武纪变质基底的存在,首次获得了精确的新元古代变质及深熔作用年龄,填补了拉萨地块早期构造演化的空白,为进一步探讨拉萨地块起源,恢复其在超大陆的汇聚及裂解事件中古地理位置提供了重要的资料.     

西藏工布江达县沙让斑岩钼矿床辉钼矿铼-锇同位素年龄及其地质意义

沙让钼矿是念青唐古拉地区扎雪—亚贵拉成矿带的重要矿床,是西藏第一个达详查程度的独立钼矿,初步的勘查成果表明,钼资源量已经达到大型规模。为了查明念青唐古拉成矿带是否存在主碰撞期的大规模成矿作用,对沙让亚贵拉洞中拉矿集区沙让斑岩钼矿的7件辉钼矿样品进行了ReOs同位素分析,辉钼矿187Re的含量22.75~46.66（μg/g）,187Os的含量为19.98~40.32（ng/g）,辉钼矿的模式年龄分布在51.57~52.69Ma的范围内,模式年龄较为一致,所获ReOs等时线年龄为51±1.0Ma（MSWD=0.55）。该成矿年龄对应于冈底斯带主碰撞期岩浆岩底侵作用事件（介于47.0～52.5Ma之间（大约50Ma的始新世)）,也与形成林子宗群帕那组43.93～53.52 Ma的火山事件一致,由此表明,冈底斯构造岩浆带存在主碰撞期的大规模成矿,沙让花岗斑岩型钼矿形成于始新世早期,而分布于沙让花岗斑岩外4km范围内的矽卡岩型热液脉型铅锌铜银（Mo）多金属矿可能也属该时期成矿的产物。     

念青唐古拉花岗岩的同位素年龄测定及其地质意义

念青唐古拉花岗岩体位于西藏当雄县境内,是拉萨地块中部出露的巨型侵入岩岩基,其面积超过1500km2,以大面积出露的黑云母二长花岗岩为主体。本文分别应用单矿物K-Ar法、全岩-单矿物Rb-Sr等时线法和高灵敏度高分辨率离子探针法(SHRIMP-)对念青唐古拉岩体不同位置上的代表性岩石样品进行同位素测年,得到中细粒黑云母二长花岗岩的K-Ar年龄为8.49±0.14Ma,Rb-Sr等时线年龄为8.07±0.35Ma和8.70±1.40Ma,SHRIMPU-Pb年龄为18.3±0.4Ma;中粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩的K-Ar年龄为9.80±0.35Ma,Rb-Sr等时线年龄为9.33±0.41Ma,SHRIMPU-Pb年龄为11.01±0.24Ma。不同方法测年结果均表明念青唐古拉花岗岩形成于中新世,属拉萨地块内部最年轻的巨型花岗岩岩基,其侵位结晶时代处于青藏高原地壳由南北向挤压增厚向东西向伸展的转变时期,岩浆来源于地壳局部熔融,属后碰撞构造-岩浆活动的产物。     

念青唐古拉花岗岩热演化历史和山脉隆升过程的热年代学分析

念青唐古拉山是青藏高原内部的重要山脉,主体由黑云母二长花岗岩组成,岩体内部发育不同类型的变质岩包体如Lgn、Ygn片麻岩和元古代（Pt）变质岩,岩体东西两侧发育伸展型韧性剪切带。对念青唐古拉黑云母二长花岗岩进行矿物对热年代学分析,良好地揭示了岩浆热演化历史和山脉隆升过程。通过单颗粒锆石离子探针测年,发现65．0～55．0Ma发生早期岩浆侵位事件,形成Lgn、Ygn花岗片麻岩包体;在18．3～11．1Ma期间,在约11km深度的Lgn、Ygn下方发生大规模岩浆侵位和结晶成岩事件,形成念青唐古拉黑云母二长花岗岩（NG）。在11．1～9．3Ma期间,念青唐古拉花岗岩发生快速冷却和隆升过程,平均降温速度约222．2℃／Ma,对应的平均差异隆升速率为5．56mm／a;在9．3～8．6Ma期间,念青唐古拉花岗岩继续发生差异隆升和快速降温,平均降温速率为142．8℃／Ma,对应的差异隆升速率为3．57mm／a;在8．0～5．0Ma期间,念青唐古拉山区发生伸展型韧性剪切变形,导致念青唐古拉花岗岩快速隆升,平均差异隆升速率为3．50mm／a;在5．0～3．7Ma期间,念青唐古拉花岗岩继续发生构造隆升,平均降温速率约92．3℃／Ma,对应的平均差异隆升速率为2．31mm／a。自3．7Ma以来念青唐古拉花岗岩平均降温速度达27．0℃／Ma,平均抬升速度达0．68mm／a。念青唐古拉岩浆集聚、NG花岗岩侵位与INDEPTH-Ⅱ地震深反射亮点揭示的地壳局部熔融存在动力学成因联系,导致上地壳伸展构造变形、NG花岗岩缓慢冷却和念青唐古拉山脉快速隆升。     

念青唐古拉早白垩世侵入岩年代学、地球化学及岩石成因研究

念青唐古拉早白垩世侵入岩主要由花岗闪长岩和石英闪长岩两类岩石组成。花岗闪长岩锆石LA-MC-ICPMSU-Pb年龄为133.20±0.92Ma,与石英闪长岩年代一致。花岗闪长岩富硅、富钾、贫磷,准铝质至弱过铝质,髙钾钙碱系列,Mg#平均为40,Nb/Ta比值为10.3,较高的[n(87Sr)/n(86Sr)]i(0.71947～0.72503),较低的εNd(t)(-12.6～-12.7),以及较老的亏损地幔模式年龄(约1927Ma),锆石饱和温度最高可达830℃,暗示了岩浆主要来自古老地壳的熔融,可能与幔源岩浆的底侵作用相关。石英闪长岩低硅、高镁(Mg#平均为50)、富铁、富钙、低碱,准铝质,钙碱系列至钾玄系列,Nb/Ta比值为20,Sr/Y比值为9,暗示了岩浆的成分主要为幔源。均富集轻稀土,亏损重稀土,弱至中等负铕异常;富集大离子亲石元素(K、Rb、Th),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、P、Ti),具有活动陆缘钙碱岩系的微量元素分布特征。花岗闪长岩和石英闪长岩具有密切的岩石成因联系,石英闪长岩形成于富集俯冲带组分的地幔熔体在上升过程中混染了一定量壳源物质结晶分异的产物,花岗闪长岩则为底侵作用生产的大量壳源熔体与少量幔源熔体混合并发生一定程度分离结晶后的产物。结合前人的研究成果,推测早白垩世侵入岩与新特提斯洋西段向NE消减有关。     

Miocene Tectonic Evolution from Dextral-Slip Thrusting to Extension in the Nyainqentanglha Region of the Tibetan Plateau

Dextral-slip in the Nyainqentangiha region of Tibet resulted in oblique underthrusting and granite generation in the Early to Middle Miocene, but by the end of the epoch uplift and extensional faulting dominated. The east-west dextral-slip Gangdise fault system merges eastward into the northeast-trending, southeast-dipping Nyainqentangiha thrust system that swings eastward farther north into the dextral-slip North Damxung shear zone and Jiali faults. These faults were took shape by the Early Miocene, and the large Nyainqentangiha granitic batholith formed along the thrust system in 18.3-11.0 Ma as the western block drove under the eastern one. The dextral-slip movement ended at -11 Ma and the batholith rose, as marked by gravitational shearing at 8.6-8.3 Ma, and a new fault system developed. Northwest-trending dextral-slip faults formed to the northwest of the raisen batholith, whereas the northeast-trending South Damxung thrust faults with some sinistral-slip formed to the southeast. The latter are replaced farther to the east by the west-northwest-trending Lhunzhub thrust faults with dextral-slip. This relatively local uplift that left adjacent Eocene and Miocene deposits preserved was followed by a regional uplift and the initiation of a system of generally north-south grabens in the Late Miocene at -6.5 Ma. The regional uplift of the southern Tibetan Plateau thus appears to have occurred between 8.3 Ma and 6.5 Ma. The Gulu, Damxung-Yangbajain and Angan graben systems that pass east of the Nyainqentangiha Mountains are locally controlled by the earlier northeast-trending faults. These grabens dominate the subsequent tectonic movement and are still very active as northwest-trending dextral-slip faults northwest of the mountains. The Miocene is a time of great tectonic change that ushered in the modern tectonic regime.     

西藏北拉萨地块新元古代中期变质辉长岩及其地质意义

青藏高原各陆块的前寒武纪演化历史及其在冈瓦纳大陆聚合过程中所处的构造位置目前不清楚。通过青藏高原中部北拉萨地块念青唐古拉岩群中变质辉长岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年和锆石Hf同位素组成研究,锆石U-Pb定年结果为663±7Ma,相当于新元古代中期,代表变质辉长岩的原岩形成时代,这是北拉萨地块首次报道该时代的基性岩浆记录。变质辉长岩中锆石具有较低的εHf(t)值(-1.5~+2.3),表明其原岩的岩浆来自富集的地幔源区。结合北拉萨地块已有的变质记录可知,变质辉长岩的原岩可能形成于造山环境。目前定义的"念青唐古拉岩群"实际上是由时代不同、成因不同,甚至来源不同的构造岩片组成,随着工作的深入,有必要对其进行解体。念青唐古拉岩群中的前寒武纪岩浆和变质记录与东非造山带的活动时限较一致,因而北拉萨地块可能与东非造山带具有亲缘性。     

念青唐古拉山西段高海拔陆-气系统水热特征

利用实测的念青唐古拉山脉南坡海拔4800 m和5333 m,以及北坡5400 m的土壤温、湿度和地表气温一年的数据,对该地区水热特征作了初步分析,结果表明：地、气温差冬季大夏季小,且相对邻近地区偏大。同时地温与气温有良好相关,但随深度增加,相关系数减小。土壤热力梯度的方向低海拔由下而上,高海拔则相反。土壤湿度高海拔略大于低海拔,干季和湿季分别受冻融过程和印度洋季风降水影响。高海拔冻结期比低海拔长3~4个月,其下层土壤湿度在冻融交替期表现一个剧烈的跃变现象。念青唐古拉山南、北坡海拔相近区域相同层位土壤温度差异在0~8℃之间。南坡土壤温度年平均高于北坡3~4℃。南坡冻结比北坡晚而融化比北坡早,上层土壤湿度南坡小于北坡,而下层土壤湿度南坡大于北坡,南北坡水热过程存在明显差异。     

Single grain optically stimulated luminescence dating of glacial sediments from the Baiyu Valley,southeastern Tibet

The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is an important area for the study of Quaternary glaciation. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating has the potential to contribute to the chronology of glaciation in this region, but it is important to assess the accuracy of OSL dating of these glacial sediments. In this study, single grain quartz OSL signals are examined for five glacial samples collected from the moraines outside the Baiyu Valley, southeastern Tibet. The quartz grains exhibit poor luminescence characteristics, with a small proportion of grains passing the screening criteria. Grains which pass the screening criteria have relatively low signal intensity, leading to D_e values with large uncertainties. MAM and CAM were used to determine D_e values for these samples. The OSL ages are consistent with the sequence of events derived from the geomorphological relationship of the samples, and also with previous published radiocarbon ages. However, it is more difficult to reconcile the OSL ages and the terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) ¹⁰Be ages. Analysis of both single grain quartz OSL data and TCN ¹⁰Be data is complex in this area. Further work is required to increase confidence in the OSL ages generated for the glacial sediments from this region.     

NCEP/NCAR 再分析资料在喜马拉雅山-青藏高原气象研究中的可行性分析

Due to the difficult logistics in the extreme high elevation regions over the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau, the observational meteorological data are very few. In 2003, an automatic weather station was deployed at the northeastern saddle of Mt. Nyainqentanglha (NQ) (30°24′44.3″ N, 90°34′13.1″ E, 5850 m a.s.l.), the southern Tibetan Plateau. In 2005, another station was operated at the East Rongbuk Glacier Col (28°01′0.95″ N, 86°57′48.4″ E, 6523 m a.s.l.) of Mt. Qomolangma. Observational data from the two sites have been compared with the reanalysis data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR), reliability of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data has been investigated in the Himalayas/Tibetan Plateau region. The reanalysis data can capture much of the synoptic-scale variability in temperature and pressure, although the reanalysis values are systematically lower than the observation. Furthermore, most of the variability magnitude is, to some degree, underestimated. In addition, the weather event extracted from the NCEP/NCAR reanalyzed pressure and temperature prominently appears one day ahead of the observational data on Mt. Qomolangma, while on Mt. NQ it occurs basically in the same day.