The responses of CO_2 to El Nino and La Nina in different seasons along 22°-18°N line

1 INTRoDUcTIONThe study results from Nov. 1986 to Aug. 1990 in sea area (ll5"E - 165"E, 20"N -l0"S) during TOGA experiments, indicated that there were outstanding responses of differenceof partial pressure of CO, between sea and air (APCO,) and total dissolved concentrationof CO, (TCO,) to El Nino and La Nina in NW region of the Western Tropical Pacific,including the cruise lines from ll4ofy 22"N to l30"E, l8"N and that from l8"N to 8"N,along l30"E. The characteristics of dis…     

ElNio夏季太平洋上空垂直环流特征及我国汛期降水

本文利用NCAR(美国国家大气研究中心)1976年太平洋各层风场资料,计算了0°—50°N,105°E—110°W范围内,7月850hPa,700hPa,500hPa,300hPa,250hPa和200hPa各层上的垂直运动,并与叶笃正等所作的太平洋上空夏季平均环流特征作比较得出:(1)常年Walker环流明显,而E1 Ni(?)o发生年热带西太平洋上升运动减弱,东太平洋空气下沉区变成了强上升区,Walker环流下沉区东移至110°W以东;(2)常年热带西太平洋Hadley环流不明显,沿160°E以东Hadley环流越来越清楚,呈向东递增的趋势,而E1 Ni(?)o年Hadley环流东西变化甚为复杂,Hadley环流的上升支并不在赤道附近,而移至10°N左右,明显较常年偏北,Hadley环流也变成自热带向副热带倾斜的环流圈;(3)E1 Ni(?)o发生年,夏季以淮河为中心的空气上升区变成下沉区,而37°N以北的华北地区仍是上升区,华北多雨,所以出现Ⅰ型降水。     

青岛和烟台滨海海、气温差的时间变化

本文根据近３０ａ来青岛和烟台逐月气温及滨海水温资料，分析了青岛和烟台海、气温差的时间变化，发现秋、冬季节南岸青岛海、气温差大于北岸烟台；春、夏季则相反．通常当年平均或季平均气温为负距平时，年平均或冬季平均海、气温差为正距平，而夏季平均海、气温差为负距平，对于ＥｌＮｉｎｏ及反ＥｌＮｉｎｏ年结论与之相反．     

厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件对江门市气候变化的影响

通过对江门市6个国家地面气象观测站1962—2016年近55年的降水和气温资料、1962—2016年发生的厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件,采用统计学方法进行分析,以研究厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件对江门市气候的影响。结果表明:近55年来江门市的年降水量和气温都呈现波动上升的趋势;当厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件发生时对江门市的年降水量、暴雨日数都有增多的作用,但厄尔尼诺事件发生年份增大幅度较大;拉尼娜事件发生时,江门市气温总体是略偏低的;在总体气候处于暖期,厄尔尼诺事件发生时,江门市的气温是偏高的,且厄尔尼诺事件的强度越强,年平均气温偏高幅度越大。     

Strong Tides in 1964 and 1982

The differential rotation between solid and fluid caused by tidal force can explain a 1500 to 1800-year cycle of the climate change. Strong tide increases the vertical and horizontal mixing of water in ocean by drawing the cold Pacific water from the depths to the surface (or by making the warm water flow from the West Pacific to the East as well as from the North to the South). It cools or warms the atmosphere above and makes La Nina or El Nino occur in the whole world. Astronomical data have shown that strong tide is often associated with El Nino events. Volcanic activities at submarine are also controlled by strong tide. Volcanic activities can also draw warm water from the depths to the surface in the Pacific and volcanic ash can keep out sunlight, which is the most important external forcing factor for El Nino. If volcanic ash reaches into the stratosphere, finer aerosols will spread throughout the globe during a few months and will float in it for one to three years to weaken the sun's direct radiation to the areas. It is one of the factors to postpone EI Nino just like the process of solar eclipse.     

The Relation between Tectonic Movement and Climatic Change

Climate and tectonics are two interactive factors in the earth's system. They are controlled by astronomical cycles. It has been unheeded for a long time that large-scale material motion caused by global climatic change is one of the powers for tectonic movement. Tectonic movement makes the distributional pattern of continent and ocean change and makes global climate type change strongly in large scale. It is a good example that the change of the sea-ice around Antarctic Continent and in the Drake Passage has the switch process for global climatic changes. Tide makes the oceanic crust of the East Pacific Ocean and the West Pacific Ocean rise or fall 60 cm oppositely. Before and after El Nino events,the oceanic level of the East Pacific Ocean and the West Pacific Ocean may rise or fall 40 cm oppositely. Because of isostasy, oceanic crust may fall or rise 13 or 20 cm. They are the reasons why El Nino events are interrelated with the earthquakes and volcanoes. This is so called seesaw phenomenon of oceanic crust.     

The Latest Research Progress on El Ninod

1　ＭａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃＭｏｄｅｌｏｆＴｉｄａｌＶｉｂｒａｔｉｏｎＳｕｐｐｏｓｅｔｈａｔ 3ｓｅｍｉ -ａｘｅｓｏｆａｅｌｌｉｐｓｏｉｄａｒｅａ ,ｂａｎｄｃ (ａ >ｂ >ｃ) ,ｌａｔｉｔｕｄｅｉｓθ ,ｌｏｎｇｉｔｕｄｅｉｓψ(ｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇｆｒｏｍ 0°ｔｏ 90°) ,     

The Latest Research Progress on El Nino

Cold water in the deep Pacific can be drawn up to the surface (or west warm water drifts eastwards) because strong tide increases the mixing of seawater both in vertical and horizontal. In this way greenhouse effect is decreased or in-creased by means of absorbing (or releasing) CO2. Therefore, La Nina cold event (or El Nino warm event) may occur, which is caused by wanning - up or cooling - down air above the ocean. Volcanic action at sea bottom is also controlled by strong tide.     

VARIATIONS OF 30—60 DAY OSCILLATION IN ATMOSPHERE BEFORE AND DURING 1982 EL NINO

By using the upper-wind data from July 1980 to June 1983,the variations of the low-frequency oscillation(LFO)in the atmosphere before and during 1982 El Nino have been investigated.Before the El Nino,the LFOpropagates from west to east over the equator of the Eastern Hemisphere and from east to west over 20°N.The eastward propagating LFO over the equator consists of zonal wavenumber 1 propagating eastward andzonal wavenumber 2 with a character of stationary wave.The oscillation of zonal wavenumber 2 can modulatethe oscillation strength.After the onset of the El Nino,the propagating directions of the LFO over the equatorand 20°N of the Eastern Hemisphere change to be westward and eastward,respectively.The LFO over thewestern Pacific weakens rapidly and one coming from middle and high latitudes propagates to the equator.From the phase compositions of streamline fields for the zonal wavenumber 1 of equatorial westward propa-gatirg LFO,it is found that the atmospheric heat source in the equator of the eastern Pacific(EEP)excites aseries of the equatorial cyclones and anticyclones which move northward and westward and form the westwardpropagating LFO over the equator.With the wavelength of 20000km,this kind of equatorial wave is similarto the mixing Rossby-gravity wave.In its westward and northward movement,the circulation in East Asiais modified.This may be the mechanism of the influence of El Nino on the climate of China.     

1470—2019年中国东部旱涝年代际变化及其与太平洋海表温度的关系

基于中国东部地区（30°—40°N,105°E以东）19个代表站1470—2019年旱涝等级序列、古气候代用资料定量重建的北太平洋海表温度年代际振荡指数以及Nino3.4指数,通过经验正交函数分解、小波分析和集合经验模态分解方法分析了中国东部旱涝年代际变化特征及其与太平洋海温的关系。结果表明,（1）1470年以来中国东部旱涝变化的主模态为全区一致型（方差贡献率为25.2%）,变率中心主要位于黄河中下游,其时间系数的小波分析和集合经验模态分解揭示出全区旱涝存在10—30 a的准周期;该模态长期趋势揭示17—18世纪中国东部整体偏涝,而19世纪以后出现干旱化趋势。（2）寒冷背景下中国东部旱涝一致变化更明显,在17世纪前、中期和19世纪中、后期的小冰期寒冷期全区一致型模态的方差贡献率为35%—40%,且这两个时段10—30 a的年代际变化信号尤为显著;而旱涝的变率中心则表现出冷期偏北,暖期偏南或偏西的特征。（3）中国东部旱涝的年代际变化与北太平洋和赤道中东太平洋海表温度异常有关,表现为偏涝（旱）气候对应于北太平洋海表温度年代际振荡的冷（暖）相位,以及年代际尺度上的冬季Nino3.4区海表温度的异常偏低（高）;在小冰期的寒冷期,旱涝的年代际变化可能与Nino3.4区海表温度异常关系更密切。