大豆粗脂肪酸值检测方法的改进

以大豆粗脂肪酸值检测方法为研究对象,对GB/T 14488.1-2008《植物油料含油量测定》与GB/T 5530-2005的标准测定方法进行改进,减少称量步骤、缩短抽提时间,以提高检测效率。试验结果表明:改进后的大豆粗脂肪酸值检测方法在保证检测结果准确性的前提下,可大幅缩短检测时间,提升检测效率。     

Pflanzenextraktion: Schlüsseltechnologie zur nachhaltigen Nutzung von Bio‐Ressourcen

Plants have been among the most important objects for civilized cultures. Soon plants will be not only nutrients but will form the basis for the production and supply of many objects needed in daily life. The processing of plants requires further developed skills in order to satisfy the growing demands. The use of separated plant components, mainly of fractions with selected constituents led to a further development of the knowledge of extraction. Advanced understanding of the materials sciences and mechanization allowed establish extraction processes which warrant continuous production of products of high quality. This period of time marks the beginning of the phytotechnology as an independent scientific and technical discipline of plant extraction.     

Natural dyes extraction from cochineal (Dactylopius coccus). New extraction methods

Carminic acid is a natural colourant that can be obtained from the dried bodies of females of the Dactylopius coccus Costa insect species (cochineal). Carminic acid is the main pigment that can be extracted from the cochineal insect. Its main use is with cosmetics, foods and pharmaceutical applications and it can also have textile and plastic applications. The traditional extraction methods employed to obtain this dye involve several drawbacks, e.g. high extraction time, low selectivity and low extraction efficiency. Moreover, these conventional techniques need toxic solvents. In this work, new extraction methods have been studied in order to avoid the disadvantages mentioned above. Pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) techniques provide high selectivity and short extraction times.     

A new method to rapidly detect rusty grain beetle,Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), in stored grain

Information on insect infestation inside stored grain bulks is required for safe grain storage. A new method to rapidly detect both adults and larvae of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) in grain was developed based on the principle of microwave heating and insect behaviour under elevated temperature. The designed apparatus and processing procedure were tested to extract both the adults and larvae inside wheat with 14%, 16% and 18% moisture contents by using a domestic microwave oven (referred to as the microwave method). The recovery percentage of the introduced insects associated with the microwave method was compared with that of the Berlese funnel method (810 cm³ wheat in a funnel under an incandescent light bulb). The microwave method recovered 97.8% of introduced adults, while 90.6% of adults were recovered by the Berlese funnel method. The recovery percentage of the larvae inside marked wheat kernels was 83.3 ± 3.3% with the microwave method and less than 27% with the Berlese funnel method. There was no significant difference in extraction percentage between old and young larvae when the microwave method was used. The moisture content of the treated grain did not significantly influence the extraction percentage of the pest insect. The total processing time of the microwave method was less than 30 min compared to 6 h required for the Berlese funnel method.     

Some Fundamental Innovations in Direct Solvent Extraction of Low Molecular Weight Biological Products

Abstract

The separation of low molecular weight biologically produced molecules by fermentation processes is a very important area of development in the pharmaceutical industry and elsewhere. The problems of separation processes for economic exploitation are significant. The use of liquid-liquid solvent extraction as a means of recovering such products is chemically very attractive on account of the high degree of selectivity control which is available by adjustment of both the chemical and physical structure of the solvents. The paper reviews some of the problems arising from using solvent extraction especially in relation to mass transfer processes, physical contacting processes, and product and solvent recovery. The technical and scientific issues surrounding rheology and the presence of surfactants and solid material in the extraction of fermentation solutions are discussed in some detail. The influence of such phenomena on droplet behaviour is a particular source of focus in the paper. The use of novel contacting techniques including intensified electrostatic contact for both dispersion and coalescence purposes is described. The application of these techniques to some well known biological product extractions are reviewed briefly including those for ethanol and penicillin G. The potential application of solvent extraction to some of the more recent biological products including arene cisdihydrodiols is reviewed briefly. Some of the implications for equipment application and, design are also reviewed in relation to direct extraction of biological products.     

Measurement of some properties of binderless particleboards made from young and old oil palm trunks

The objective of this study was to evaluate variation of mechanical and physical properties of binderless particleboard panels manufactured from raw material of young and old oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) trunks. Results revealed that such experimental panels made from particles of young oil palm trunks had higher mechanical characteristics than those of made from old trunks. Addition of sugar compounds in the samples produced having particles from young trunks with and without extracted material enhanced their bending and internal bond strength values. Overall dimensional stability in the form of thickness swelling and water absorption those panels made from young trunks was adversely influenced. However adding sugars in the samples improved their thickness swelling and water absorption in both cases of with and without applying of extraction process.     

Renzo Piano: Poet of Technology

The architecture of the Renzo Piano Building Workshop (RPBW) is renowned internationally for the formal refinement of its components and detailing as well as for its sensitive responses to context, both in terms of its physical surroundings and local construction traditions. But, as architectural author and Piano specialist Peter Buchanan reminds us, the central concern of the practice remains focused on the original core impetus of expandingthe bounds of what technology and materials can achieve.     

Physical solvent extraction of levulinic acid from dilute aqueous solution with 2-methyltetrahydrofuran

The results of the present investigation reveal that 2-methyltetrahydrofuran is a potential solvent for the extraction of levulinic acid from dilute aqueous solution. This conclusion is based on the relatively high values of distribution coefficient K_d (1.3-1.6) measured for the system of levulinic acid – water – 2-methyltetrahydrofuran at temperatures 298.2 K, 313.2 K, and 328.2 K, as well as encouraging performance of the continuous counter current Kühni column. The results give reason to believe, that 2-methyltetrahydrofuran can be considered for the extraction of other low molecular weight acids, such as formic or lactic acid, as well.     

Solvent and Extraction Conditions Control the Assayable Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activities of Seeds of Black Beans,Canola and Millet

The effects of extraction solvent and conditions on the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of black beans, canola and foxtail millet were investigated. The antioxidant activity was assayed using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DRSA) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Four solvent systems, namely 70 % acetone, 80 % ethanol, 80 % methanol and a mixture of acetone/methanol/water (7:7:6, v/v/v) were used. The extraction methods adopted in this study included refluxing, homogenization, cold extraction and sonication. The TPC as measured using the Folin Ciocalteu's method were 12.35–28.39, 2.43–16.73, and 1.78–5.06 µmol catechin equivalents/g dry matter (dm) for canola, black beans and foxtail millet, respectively. Aqueous acetone afforded the highest TPC for black beans and canola. Within the same solvent system used, the TPC, DRSA and ORAC obtained from different extraction techniques differed for black beans, canola and foxtail millet. The results demonstrated that the solvent system as well as method influenced the extraction of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activities, depending on the type of matrix in which phenolics were embedded.     

水杨酸在超临界二氧化碳中络合萃取汞离子

测试水杨酸在超临界二氧化碳中的溶解度数据,研究了水杨酸络合剂在超临界二氧化碳中萃取汞离子,分别讨论了配比、压力、温度、时间对萃取效率的影响。得到了最佳的萃取条件为20 MPa、323 K、45 min和[Hg+]:[SAL]:[PFOSANEt4]=1:200:200,在最佳萃取条件下萃取效率达到95.5%,可以进行工业领域的推广应用。水杨酸作为络合剂在超临界二氧化碳中萃取汞离子的研究未见有关报道。