Seasonal and interannual patterns of sea surface temperature in Banda Sea as revealed by self-organizing map

Seasonal and interannual variations of sea surface temperature (SST) in the Banda Sea are studied for the period of January 1985 through December 2007. A neural network pattern recognition approach based on self-organizing map (SOM) has been applied to monthly SST from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Oceans Pathfinder. The principal conclusions of this paper are outlined as follows. There are three different patterns associated with the variations in the monsoonal winds: the southeast and northwest monsoon patterns, and the monsoon-break patterns. The southeast monsoon pattern is characterized by low SST due to the prevailing southeasterly winds that drive Ekman upwelling. The northwest monsoon pattern, on the other hand, is one of high SST distributed uniformly in space. The monsoon-break pattern is a transitional pattern between the northwest and southeast monsoon patterns, which is characterized by moderate SST patterns. On interannual time-scale, the SST variations are significantly influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) phenomena. Low SST is observed during El Niño and/or positive IOD events, while high SST appears during La Niña event. Low SST in the Banda Sea during positive IOD event is induced by upwelling Kelvin waves generated in the equatorial Indian Ocean which propagate along the southern coast of Sumatra and Java before entering the Banda Sea through the Lombok and Ombai Straits as well as through the Timor Passage. On the other hand, during El Niño (La Niña) events, upwelling (downwelling) Rossby waves associated with off-equatorial divergence (convergence) in response to the equatorial westerly (easterly) winds in the Pacific, partly scattered into the Indonesian archipelago which in turn induce cool (warm) SST in the Banda Sea.     

Variations of SST and thermocline depth in the tropical Indian Ocean during Indian Ocean Dipole events

Interannual variations in the surface and subsurface tropical Indian Ocean were studied using HadISST and SODA datasets.Wind and heat flux datasets were used to discuss the mechanisms for these variations.Our results indicate that the surface and subsurface variations of the tropical Indian Ocean during Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD)events are significantly different.A prominent characteristic of the eastern pole is the SSTA rebound after a cooling process,which does not take place at the subsurface layer.In the western pole,the surface anomalies last longer than the subsurface anomalies.The subsurface anomalies are strongly correlated with ENSO,while the relationship between the surface anomalies and ENSO is much weaker.And the subsurface anomalies of the two poles are negatively correlated while they are positively correlated at the surface layer.The wind and surface heat flux analysis suggests that the thermocline depth variations are mainly determined by wind stress fields,while the heat flux effect is important on SST.     

Indian Ocean Dipole response to global warming: A multi-member study with CCSM4

Based on a coupled ocean-atmosphere model, the response of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) mode to global warming is investigated with a six member ensemble of simulations for the period 1850–2100. The model can simulate the IOD features realistically, including the east-west dipole pattern and the phase locking in boreal autumn. The ensemble analysis suppresses internal variability and isolates the radiative forced response. In response to increasing greenhouse gases, a weakening of the Walker circulation leads to the easterly wind anomalies in the equatorial Indian Ocean and the shoaling thermocline in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean (EEIO), and sea surface temperature and precipitation changes show an IOD-like pattern in the equatorial Indian Ocean. Although the thermocline feedback intensifies with shoaling, the interannual variability of the IOD mode surprisingly weakens under global warming. The zonal wind feedback of IOD is found to weaken as well, due to decreased precipitation in the EEIO. Therefore, the atmospheric feedback decreases much more than the oceanic feedback increases, causing the decreased IOD variance in this model.     

孔隙地层轻质水泥套管井中偶极弯曲波的激发与传播特性

针对软地层套管井中弯曲波频散移向高频,以致超出了现行偶极声波测井仪器的激发频带的问题,本文在井外为孔隙地层时,采用Biot模型对套管井多极源激发的声波场进行了理论推导,对套管井偶极弯曲波的频散特性进行了数值模拟,考察了高密度水泥(或快速水泥)和低密度水泥(或轻质水泥)情况下的弯曲波频散,分析了不同水泥环对弯曲波主频散区和激发谱偏移的影响,重点对轻质水泥套管井中偶极源激发的模式波频散与激发谱及临界折射P、S波激发特性进行了研究,并考察了渗透率、孔隙度对弯曲波频散及衰减的影响,利用实轴积分法计算了偶极声源激发的时域全波波形.分析对比结果表明,在快速水泥情况下弯曲波频散曲线随着地层特征横波速度的减小会迅速向高频移动,随着快速水泥向轻质水泥变化,弯曲波频散曲线向高频移动将会减缓,对于特征横波速度低于1400m·s~(-1)的软地层,偶极弯曲波基础模式主频散区(或截止频率)可以由原来13kHz向低频移动至4kHz;在轻质水泥套管井中,无论是硬地层还是软地层,在目前偶极声波测井仪器声源主频激发下,接收波形中弯曲波均占主导地位.     

Ice response to an underwater body moving in a frozen channel

Strains in the ice cover of a frozen channel, which are caused by a body moving under the ice at a constant speed along the channel, are studied. The channel is of rectangular cross section, the fluid in the channel is inviscid and incompressible. The ice cover is modeled by a thin viscoelastic plate clamped to the channel walls. The underwater body is modeled by a three-dimensional dipole. The intensity of the dipole is related to the speed and size of the underwater body. The problem is considered within the linear theory of hydroelasticity. For small deflections of the ice cover the velocity potential of the dipole in the channel is obtained by the method of images without account for ice deflection in the leading order. The problem of a dipole moving in the channel with rigid walls provides the hydrodynamic pressure on the upper boundary of the channel, which corresponds to the ice cover. This pressure distribution does not depend on the deflection of the ice cover in the leading approximation. The deflections of ice and the strains in the ice cover are independent of time in the coordinate system moving together with the dipole. The problem is solved numerically using the Fourier transform along the channel, the method of normal modes across the channel, and the truncation method for resulting infinite systems of linear equations. It was revealed that the strains in the ice strongly depend on the speed of the dipole with respect to the critical speeds of the hydroelastic waves propagating along the frozen channel. The width of the channel matters even it is much larger than the characteristic length of the ice cover.     

EFFECTS OF INDIAN OCEAN SSTA WITH ENSO ON WINTER RAINFALL IN CHINA

Based on Hadley Center monthly global SST, 1960-2009 NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and observation rainfall data over 160 stations across China, the combined effect of Indian Ocean Dipole （IOD） and Pacific SSTA （ENSO） on winter rainfall in China and their different roles are investigated in the work. The study focuses on the differences among the winter precipitation pattern during the years with Indian Ocean Dipole （IOD） only, ENSO only, and IOD and ENSO concurrence. It is shown that although the occurrences of the sea surface temperature anomalies of IOD and ENSO are of a high degree of synergy, their impacts on the winter precipitation are not the same. In the year with positive phase of IOD, the winter rainfall will be more than normal in Southwest China （except western Yunnan）, North China and Northeast China while it will be less in Yangtze River and Huaihe River Basins. The result is contrary during the year with negative phase of IOD. However, the impact of IOD positive phase on winter precipitation is more significant than that of the negative phase. When the IOD appears along with ENSO, the ENSO signal will enhance the influence of IOD on winter precipitation of Southwest China （except western Yunnan）, Inner Mongolia and Northeast China. In addition, this paper makes a preliminary analysis of the circulation causes of the relationship between IOD and the winter rainfall in China.     

印度洋偶极子及其可预报性研究进展

主要介绍印度洋偶极子(IOD)的时空特征、演变机制和可预报性的研究进展。IOD是东西热带印度洋反相的海温异常,是热带印度洋的年际海温变率最主要的两种异常结构之一。关于IOD的演变机制,特别是ENSO在其中所起作用,一直是学界争论的热点。一些学者认为,IOD是ENSO通过遥相关作用对热带印度洋造成的影响;另一些学者则认为,IOD是热带印度洋内部海气振荡的产物。本研究重点讨论这两种观点的相关证据以及IOD与ENSO的关系。此外,现有多数模式对IOD的预报时效小于3~4个月,潜在的预报时效则大于5个月,但这些对IOD的可预报性研究尚处于起步阶段,还有很大发展空间。     

与不同El Nino相伴的IOD事件的季节演变特征对比

基于1951—2012年逐月海洋和大气多种要素的再分析资料,分析了与两类El Nino相伴的IOD(Indian Ocean Dipole,印度洋偶极子)事件盛期的海洋和大气异常特征,并进一步对比了与不同类型El Nino相伴的IOD事件的季节演变及对应的海气耦合过程。结果表明:两类IOD事件盛期时,暖海温强度和位置有显著差异。发生在东部型El Nino期间的IOD事件(简称EP-IOD)盛期,正(负)SSTA中心出现在热带西北(赤道东南)印度洋,强度相当,对应的热带印度洋—海洋大陆异常Walker环流强度较强、范围较大;与中部型CP El Nino相伴的IOD事件(简称CP-IOD)的正SSTA相对较弱,且偏于南印度洋,异常Walker环流较弱、较窄。在季节演变中,两类IOD事件期间的局地海气过程差异显著,伴随着西印度洋西南季风减弱和东印度洋异常东风加强,EP-IOD事件的发展以西正东负的偶极型异常海温的出现及加强为主要特征;而CP-IOD事件的发生发展则与西北印度洋异常冷海温的生消及南印度洋暖水的堆积相伴,表现为"-+-"三极型SSTA的出现并转为西正东负偶极型的过程,夏季时出现在东印度洋的异常东风以及赤道中印度洋低层负涡度异常水平环流对其发展具有重要作用。     

印度洋波浪诱导的水体输运效应及其对赤道SST异常的影响

波浪诱导的水体输运会对海洋产生大尺度影响。结合波浪大尺度效应的研究现状和印度洋涌浪分布的事实,利用ECMWF-CERA20的波浪、海表面温度(SST)及风场数据,采用多种统计分析方法,研究了波浪输运与赤道印度洋SST的潜在关系。结果显示:中高纬度波浪输运异常的低频信号在空间、周期上与赤道SST异常均有高度相似性;Stokes漂流纬向、经向异常呈现出南—北、东—西的振荡,其第二模态时间序列与印度洋偶极子(Indian Ocean Dipole,IOD)指数存在强相关性并在La Ni a次年的负IOD事件中达到最高:相关系数在ACC区域纬向异常超前6个月时接近0.6,中纬度区域经向异常在超前3个月时达到0.7。在La Ni a次年的负IOD中,波浪经向输运异常的相位(超前三个月)与赤道SST异常相位呈全年反相位,经向浪致输运异常造成的东—西热量输运差异对赤道SST异常分布有不可忽略的贡献。     

Convective dynamos with intermediate and strong fields

Abstract

The weak-field Benard-type dynamo treated by Soward is considered here at higher levels of the induced magnetic field. Two sources of instability are found to occur in the intermediate field regime M ～ T ^1/12, where M and T are the Hartmann and Taylor numbers. On the time scale of magnetic diffusion, solutions may blow up in finite time owing to destabilization of the convection by the magnetic field. On a faster time scale a dynamic instability related to MAC-wave instability can also occur. It is therefore concluded that the asymptotic structure of this dynamo is unstable to virtual increases in the magnetic field energy.

In an attempt to model stabilization of the dynamo in a strong-field regime we consider two approximations. In the first, a truncated expansion in three-dimensional plane waves is studied numerically. A second approach utilizes an ad hoc set of ordinary differential equations which contains many of the features of convection dynamos at all field energies. Both of these models exhibit temporal intermittency of the dynamo effect.