烃源岩—流体相互作用模拟实验研究

为了探讨烃源岩与孔隙流体之间相互作用过程和机理以及有机酸的生成及其影响因素,我们开展了烃源岩-流体相互作用模拟实验研究。实验结果表明：Ⅱ型干酪根形成有机酸的能力大于Ⅰ型干酪根,水的矿化度对有机酸的形成影响甚微,随着温度升高,流体中有机酸的含量也随之增大。pH值对有机酸形成的影响非常明显,中性和碱性条件更有利于生成有机酸。其中乙酸的形成有利于碳酸盐矿物的溶解,而草酸的形成不利于碳酸盐的溶解。温度对烃源岩的影响与烃源岩的矿物组成有很大的关系,对于富碳酸盐烃源岩,Ca、Mg、Na三元素在水中的溶解量,与温度呈反相关的关系,对于贫碳酸盐烃源岩,与反应温度之间则呈现出正相关的关系。而无论碳酸盐含量高低,Si在溶液中的含量都会随着温度的升高而增大。酸性溶液对烃源岩的溶解能力最强,无论原始反应溶液的酸碱性,反应结果都最终趋于弱碱性。流体的含盐量对烃源岩中Mg的溶解影响差异较大,低盐度的流体有利于Mg溶解。     

福建新生代碱性超基性火山岩地球化学特征及构造意义

为了解福建新生代地幔性质和大地构造背景,对柳城玻基辉橄岩进行系统的年代学和元素地球化学研究。岩石为碱性超基性岩,形成于12.6Ma,富Mg、Fe和贫碱性质,以富集LILE、HFSE、Nb与Ta正异常为特征,强烈富集LREE,相对亏损HREE,(La/Yb)N＝35.1~36.2,δEu＝0.98~1.00,微量元素特征与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)类似。微量元素地球化学特征表明,该岩石是地幔橄榄岩低度部分熔融的产物,成岩过程没有地壳混染;源区地幔具有HIMU性质,由软流圈地幔、脱水洋壳与残留岩石圈地幔混合组成,表现出富集的特征;柳城玻基辉橄岩形成于大陆裂谷环境。与新生代玄武岩进行对比研究表明,中国东南部地幔组成存在多个地幔端元成分。     

Carbon and Noble Gas Isotopes in the Tengchong Volcanic Geothermal Area, Yunnan, Southwestern China

Carbon and noble gas isotope analyses are reported for bubbling gas samples from the Tengchong volcanic geothermal area near the Indo-Eurasian suture zone. All samples contain a resolvable component of mantle-derived 3He. Occurrence of mantle-derived 3He coincides with surface volcanism. However, 3He occurs over a larger geographic areathan do surface volcanics. δ13C values for CO2 and CH4 vary from -33.4‰ to 1.6 ‰ and from -52.8‰ to -2.8‰, respectively. He and C isotope systematics indicate that CO2 and CH4 in the CO2-rich gases originated predominantly from magmatic component mixed with crustal CO2 produced from carbonate. However, breakdown of organic matter and near-surface processes accounts for the CH4 and CO2 in N2-rich gases. 3He/4He ratio distribution pattern suggests that mantle-derived He and heat sources of high-temperature system in central Tengchong originate from a hidden magma reservoir at subsurface. CO2-rich gases with the highest 3He/4He ratio (5.2 Ra) may be representative of the     

滇西兰坪盆地五茂林剖面下白垩统景星组沉积相

实测了云南西部兰坪盆地东部下白垩统下部景星组的五茂林剖面,建立了曲流河、三角洲和湖泊3种沉积序列,其中三角洲序列在云南下白垩统中属首次建立。分析了粗碎屑岩的组成,将该剖面上出露的砾岩分成4类。早白垩世时兰坪盆地属丹那沙林-高黎贡弧的弧后盆地,景星组自下而上为曲流河沉积、三角洲沉积和湖泊沉积,且随湖侵发生,湖泊向西扩大。     

Determination par activation neutronique des rapports Cl/Br des inclusions fluides de divers gypses. Correlation avec les donnees de la microcryoscopie et interpretations genetiques

Gypsum contains liquid inclusions which fill mainly primary cavities. Analysis of inclusions may give some information about the mineral formation process. In places, diagenetic solutions have filled secondary cavities along cleavage planes or replaced initial liquid inclusions in primary cavities; the presence of such secondary inclusions must, therefore, be taken into consideration. This study presents our results on the Cl/Br ratio of liquid inclusions in gypsum. The Cl/Br ratio is practically constant in present sea water, and has been measured in many different types of waters. The Br content of halite has also been extensively studied to trace the compositional changes of a salt-depositing brine. In gypsum Br is present only in microscopic fluid inclusions. For this reason we used the neutron-activation method. We adopted the technique in order to prevent any contamination and obtain directly Cl/Br ratio within 10% accuracy. In order to ascertain that liquid inclusions reside mainly in primary cavities of gypsum, we selected our samples only after microscopic observation. Fifty-eight samples from different types of gypsum were analysed. The salinities of the inclusions, obtained through the data on freezing, and the Cl/Br ratio, obtained through activation-analysis, give us clues as to the nature of the fluids depositing the gypsum. Recent gypsum deposits from French salt-pans of Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts were sampled. The latter has apparently been diagenetically altered by meteoric water; the salinity of many inclusions having been changed while the Cl/Br ratio (315 and 350) in both remains close to the value of present sea water (#300). Liquid inclusions of Recent crystals from New Caledonia, deposited in mangrove swamps are enriched in Br (Cl/Br = 150 and 200). The enrichment might be related to the presence of abundant organic materials. Inclusions in crystals from Sebkha el Melah (Tunisia) also show high Br content (Cl/Br = 194). In this case, the brine was highly concentrated and was saturated with NaCl. The Upper Miocene gypsum from Sicily was studied to test the various models for the genesis of this important evaporite formation of the Mediterranean. Freezing data show some decrease of salinities, probably by groundwater diagenesis, but the Br content is high. The Cl/Br ratio is 175, and this value is similar to that of Sebkha el Melah. Samples from three thick Eocene and Oligocene sequences near Paris and in the South of France were studied. Freezing data and Cl/Br ratio of their inclusions indicate that those gypsum deposits have crystallized in marine environments receiving considerable influx of river-waters.     

公路建设对甘南草原生态环境的影响

根据甘肃甘南藏族自治区的自然环境特征、国道G213线的工程建设特点,分析了G213线改扩建工程对甘南州草原生态环境的影响。结果表明,公路建设施工期对沿线植被的负面影响较剧烈,局部土壤环境受到较大扰动,被扰动的土体侵蚀类型主要是水蚀,扰动后可能造成水土流失量为68866.7 t,新增水土流失量为63 060.5 t。针对项目可能存在的主要生态环境问题(植被破坏、水土流失等),提出了建议措施。     

试析刘宋统治区的气候波动与水旱灾害

刘宋时期虽然整体上属于历史气候变迁中的寒冷期,不过期间存在气温的波动。刘宋初年气温较低,元嘉中后期升至波峰,泰始年间降至波谷,刘宋末年气温再度升高。这种波动通过当时的各种气候资料表现出来,同时也反映在当时的水旱灾害发生特点上。一般在寒冷期,水灾发生的时间要晚,反之,则早。刘宋时期梅雨期到来的早晚和降水量的多少,受制于这种气候波动,同时也影响到当时水旱灾害的发生状况,是这种气温波动的集中表现。     

火箭增雨效果雷达回波分析

利用2004年6月12日甘肃省永登县雷达观测对流云的加密资料,选取了2次相似对流云过程分别作为目标云和对比云,探讨了目标云作业前后较对比云雷达回波有关参数的显著变化,并结合地面雨量点观测资料对地面人工增雨作业效果进行了初步分析,结果表明:目标云在降水、生命期特征、回波垂直特征参数变化方面,表现出作业前后较对比云存在明显差异,目标云作业40 m in后地面产生0.6 mm降水,而对比云则从新生发展到减弱消散阶段经历较短的时间(30 m in),地面并无降水产生,从而推断本次人工增雨达到了一定的预计效果。     

新一代"西北干旱监测预测业务服务综合系统"

新一代“西北干旱监测预测服务综合业务系统”,是一个具有较好物理基础,较强的监测、预测、服务能力,较高自动化程度并具有西北地域特色的业务服务综合系统。本系统以短期气候预测为依托,集气象信息采集、加工、信息存储为一体,并充分利用互联网技术和已有的系统、资料及信息,吸纳了项目其它子专题的系统和成果,节省了计算机海量空间,避免了许多重复劳动,在近几年日常监测、预测业务服务工作中发挥了积极作用。     

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