泾河下游古洪水滞流沉积物地球化学特征研究

通过沿泾河河谷广泛的野外考察,在高陵县杨官寨段发现典型的全新世黄土-土壤剖面。经过详细观测、系统采样和化学元素、粒度成分和磁化率等多指标测定,从剖面鉴别出两组古洪水滞流沉积层（SWD）,分别记录了发生在4 200 ~ 4 000 a B.P.和3200 ~ 2800 a B.P.期间的特大洪水事件。该研究着重对古洪水滞流沉积层与黄土层和古土壤层的元素地球化学特征进行对比研究。结果表明:（1）在风成沉积物中,Fe2O3、Al2O3、K2O、MgO等元素含量在古土壤层高于黄土层,而CaO和Na2O元素含量则表现出相反的变化。表明风化成壤过程中,这些元素的迁移变化受到全新世以来气候变化和成壤作用的影响。而Zr、Hf、Ti、Cr、Y、Th等微量元素含量与地壳平均丰度相当,且变化甚微。这是由于这些微量元素主要包含在粗颗粒和重矿物之中,其化学性质比较稳定,具有强抗风化性,很少受到风化成壤作用的影响。（2）单个古洪水滞流沉积层,是洪水悬移质泥沙在高水位滞流环境中沉积形成的,分选性很好,故其底部多粗颗粒和重矿物沉积,Zr、Hf、Ti、Cr、Y、Th等微量元素含量呈现突出的尖峰;自下向上随着颗粒逐渐变细,粘粒成分增加,Fe2O3、Al2O3、K2O、MgO等元素含量出现高峰。这两类元素由下向上的相互消长关系,与沙级颗粒含量和磁化率值变化规律对应,反映出古洪水滞流沉积层的基本理化特性。这个研究成果对于完善古洪水沉积学和水文学的方法和理论具有重要的科学价值。     

Extracting palaeoflood data from coarse‐grained Pleistocene river terrace archives: an example from SE Spain

Field‐based palaeoflood event reconstruction has the potential to contribute to the development of our understanding of long‐term landscape evolution. However, the reconstruction of past flow event histories (magnitude and frequency) over long‐term (Quaternary) timescales is fraught with difficulties. Here we make a preliminary exploration of some of the practicalities of flood reconstruction from fluvial terrace archives using commonly available sedimentological and geomorphological observations from a field perspective. We utilize Manning and palaeostage indicators to reconstruct historic events that can be used as benchmarks for a lesser used competence based approach, which is applied to coarse‐grained strath terrace deposits. We evaluate the results against gauged records for extreme and catastrophic events that affected the same region in 1973 and 2012. The findings suggest that the competence approach is most effectively applied to terrace deposits if the channel geometry is taken into account when sampling both in cross‐section and in longitudinal section and calibrated against the sedimentology for palaeo‐flow depth. Problems can arise where constrictive channel geometries allow boulder jams to develop, acting as sediment traps for the coarsest material and leading to downstream ‘boulder starvation’. Useful sites to target for palaeoflood reconstruction, therefore, would be upstream of such constrictive reaches where the coarsest transportable bedload has been effectively trapped. Sites to avoid would be downflow, where the deposited material would poorly represent palaeoflood competence. Underestimation from maximum boulder preservation and limited section exposure issues would appear to outweigh possible overestimation concerns related to fluid density and unsteady flow characteristics such as instantaneous acceleration forces. Flood data derived from river terrace deposits suggests that basal terrace geometries and coarse boulder lags common to many terrace sequences are likely the result of extreme flow events which are subsequently filled by lesser magnitude flood events, in this environmental setting. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydraulic model calibration for extreme floods in bedrock‐confined channels: case study from northern Thailand

Palaeoflood reconstructions based on stage evidence are typically conducted in data‐poor field settings. Few opportunities exist to calibrate the hydraulic models used to estimate discharge from this evidence. Consequently, an important hydraulic model parameter, the roughness coefficient (e.g. Manning's n), is typically estimated by a range of approximate techniques, such as ‘visual estimation’ and semi‐empirical equations. These techniques contribute uncertainty to resulting discharge estimates, especially where the study reach exhibits sensitivity in the discharge–Manning's n relation. We study this uncertainty within a hydraulic model for a large flood of known discharge on the Mae Chaem River, northern Thailand. Comparison of the ‘calibrated’ Manning's n with that obtained from semi‐empirical equations indicates that these underestimate roughness. Substantial roughness elements in the extra‐channel zone, inundated during large events, contribute significant additional sources of flow resistance that are captured neither by the semi‐empirical equations, nor by existing models predicting stage–roughness variations. This bedrock channel exhibits a complex discharge–Manning's n relation, and reliable estimates of the former are dependent upon realistic assignment of the latter. Our study demonstrates that a large recent flood can provide a valuable opportunity to constrain this parameter, and this is illustrated when we model a palaeoflood event in the same reach, and subsequently examine the magnitude–return period consequences of discharge uncertainty within a flood frequency analysis, which contributes its own source of uncertainty. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

淮河上游卢庄段全新世古洪水水文恢复研究

通过沿淮河上游野外考察,在毛集河口卢庄找到了一典型全新世古洪水滞流沉积物剖面,进行了系统采样和沉积学粒度分析及水文学恢复的研究工作。粒度分析表明,古洪水滞流沉积物（SWD）与上下层黄土-古土壤区别明显,粒度参数Q型聚类层次分明,其粒级组分以砂质为主,而黄土古土壤粒度以粗粉砂为主,SWD其粒度分形维数明显偏低,各沉积单元粒级组分端元特征明显,通过粒度特征能够很好地鉴别古洪水滞流沉积物层。水文学研究结果表明,自8 500 a以来,在淮和上游至少发生了6次特大洪水,根据各层SWD的厚度和产状关系推求出了其最大可能的洪峰水位,高于水平位10.03~14.36 m之间,据滞流回水环境状态下淮河河道相应的洪峰水位,采用恒定均匀流比降-面积法求得各期洪峰流量介于7 062.18~16 040.94 m³·s^-1之间。研究结果对古洪水滞流沉积物鉴别和古洪水洪峰水位的恢复提供新的思路和方法,同时有效地延长了淮河上游洪水数据序列,可为淮河上游卢庄段全新世时间尺度上洪水流量-频率关系的建立提供参考数据。这对于淮河上游水利水电工程洪水设计和洪水资源化开发管理具有重要的现实意义。     

Palaeofloods recorded by slackwater deposits on the Qishuihe River in the Middle Yellow River

Palaeoflood hydrological study is a frontal subject of global change study. Using sedimentology, geomorphology and OSL dating methods, the typical palaeoflood slackwater deposits were studied in the Qishuihe River valley. The results showed that five flooding episodes with 21 palaeoflood events occurred during 4300–4250 a B.P., 4250–4190 a B.P., 4190–4100 a B.P., 4100–4000 a B.P. and 3100–3010 a B.P., respectively, during the Holocene period. The palaeoflood peak discharges were calculated with hydrological models. With a combination of the gauged flood, historical flood and palaeoflood hydrological data, the archives of flood events were extended to over 10,000 years in the Qishuihe River valley, and the flood frequency–peak discharge relationship curve was established accurately. These research results played important roles in mitigating flood hazard, hydraulic engineering and also the development of water resources in the semiarid Weihe River basin.     

泾河中游龙山文化晚期特大洪水水文学研究

通过对泾河流域广泛深人的考察,在泾河中游彬县至永寿基岩峡谷河段发现典型的全新世古洪水平流沉积剖面,进行了古洪水沉积学和水文学研究.对于采集的全新世地层剖面序列样品,进行粒度成分、磁化率、烧失量、CaCO3,含量等分析,从沉积学角度证明了研究剖面所夹洪水沉积物具有平流沉积特征,为典型的洪水平流沉积物.根据地层学对比和剖面自身龙山文化晚期陶片、烧土等文化遗物分析,确定泾河在4200-4000 a BP发生了特大洪水事件,并利用沉积学和水文学原理恢复其水位,计算出古洪水洪峰流量为19490～22040 m3/s.同时,通过恢复现代大洪水、洪峰流量与流域面积关系对这种方法和古洪水洪峰流量计算结果进行了验证.不仅延长泾河洪水水文数据序列到万年尺度,而且为沿泾河的水利水电和交通工程建设及沿岸地区城镇的防洪减灾提供了重要的基础数据,具有重要的科学意义和应用价值.     

汉江上游郧西郧县段古洪水事件光释光测年及其对气候变化的响应

通过对汉江上游的野外考察,发现汉江上游郧西-郧县段第一级阶地前沿全新世土壤剖面中夹有多层古洪水滞流沉积物,选择该河段的归仙河口（GXH）剖面进行了详细野外观察,结合粒度成分和磁化率指标分析,证明它们是典型的古洪水滞流沉积物。采用石英的单片再生剂量法（SAR）获得了该剖面中9 个样品的光释光年龄值。基于测定的光释光年龄、考古断代和地层对比结果,确定这四期洪水事件分别发生在距今12500-12000 a、7500-7200 a、3100-2800 a,1000-900 a。通过与汉江上游地区、国内和世界各地的多种指标气候变化记录的对比分析,进一步探讨了汉江上游郧西郧县段全新世以来发生的多期古洪水事件发生的气候背景,这一认识有助于深入理解区域洪涝灾害对全球气候变化的响应规律。     

汉江上游晏家棚段古洪水沉积物粒度空间分布特征

对汉江上游流域进行了深入的地层学及地貌学调查,在郧县河段河流一级阶地上覆黄土-古土壤沉积剖面中发现了典型的古洪水沉积层。对其进行了系统采样和粒度分析,结果表明,古洪水沉积层的粒度在空间上有明显的变化。水平方向上,相同层位的粒度自然分布曲线、概率累积曲线和平均粒径基本相同;垂直方向上,从上向下粒度自然分布曲线、概率累积曲线和平均粒径明显不同,粒径逐渐变细。水平方向上的粒度特征说明,古洪水同层位的样品可以相互替代;垂直方向上的变化与前人在泾河以及渭河流域等地研究发现的古洪水沉积层呈从下向上逐渐变细的沉积模式不同,说明古洪水沉积层的沉积模式并非只有一种,而是存在多种沉积模式,这种变化可能与洪水过程有关。     

汉江上游安康东段全新世古洪水沉积学与水文学研究

通过沿汉江上游河谷深入的考察,在安康东段发现了典型的古洪水滞流沉积剖面.通过采集样品、实验分析,确定它们是古洪水在高水位滞流环境当中的悬移质沉积物.根据地层对比、OSL测年和相关文化层年代,确定它们分别记录了发生在BL+AL与YD事件转折阶段(12500 a B.P.)的古洪水事件和发生在1000-900 a B.P.(1000-1100AD),即北宋后期的洪水事件.根据古洪水SWD的高程恢复其洪峰水位,结合相关参数,利用面积比降法计算恢复流量.结果表明在万年尺度,汉江上游古洪水洪峰流量介于35970~47400 m³/s之间.同时,利用2010年大洪水洪痕恢复计算洪峰流量,对古洪水洪峰流量计算结果进行了验证.进而结合历史洪水和观测洪水数据,获得了汉江上游万年尺度洪水洪峰流量与频率关系.这为汉江上游的水利水电和交通工程建设以及沿岸城镇防洪减灾提供了基础性数据.     

Larger floods of Himalayan foothill rivers sustained flows in the Ghaggar–Hakra channel during Harappan age

The human–landform interaction in the region of the Ghaggar–Hakra palaeochannel in the northwest Indo-Gangetic plains during the Bronze Age Indus/Harappan civilisation (~4.6–3.9 thousand years before the present, ka bp ) remains an enigmatic case due to a paucity of evidence regarding the hydrology of the then existing river. Here, we estimated the palaeohydrology of the foothill Markanda River in the sub-Himalayan catchment of the Ghaggar–Hakra (G–H) palaeochannel. Our morphology and chronology results show aggradation of a fan (57.7 ka) during the Late Pleistocene and T–1 to T–5 fluvial terraces (13.1 to 6.0 ka) during the terminal Pleistocene to Holocene, and deposition of palaeoflood sediments (3.9–3.8 ka) over the T–3 terraces during the Late Holocene. Considering the known uplift rates along the Himalayan frontal thrust, and our estimated aggradation rates, we derived channel palaeogeometry and calculated peak discharge at the site of palaeoflood deposits. We conclude that the Markanda River's peak discharge was several orders of magnitude higher during the Late Holocene than the modern-day peak discharge of 100-year return period. The palaeoflood deposits represent larger flooding of the foothill rivers that sustained flows in the downstream reaches of the Ghaggar–Hakra palaeochannel during the Late Harappan civilisation.