B超引导下臂丛神经阻滞麻醉的效果及安全性

目的研究B超引导下臂丛神经阻滞麻醉的临床效果及安全性。方法将本院行上肢手术的90例患者随机分为对照组(n=48)和B超引导组(n=42)。对照组以盲探的方法行臂丛神经阻滞麻醉,B超引导组在B型超声仪引导下行臂丛神经阻滞麻醉。比较两组的麻醉效果。结果B超引导组感觉阻滞起效时间、麻醉药物使用剂量均优于对照组,但麻醉操作时间长于对照组(P<0.05)。B超引导组不同臂丛神经的感觉阻滞完善率均高于对照组,并发症总发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论与盲探法相比,B超引导下行臂丛神经阻滞麻醉的麻醉操作时间虽然有所延长,然而麻醉效果佳,能够缩短感觉阻滞起效时间、减少麻醉药物用量,且安全性好。     

B超引导下经皮肾镜碎石清石术治疗肾铸型结石疗效分析

目的探讨B超引导下经皮肾镜碎石清石术治疗肾铸型结石的临床疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析2009年5月～2010年5月11例肾铸型结石患者采用B超引导下经皮肾镜碎石清石术治疗的临床资料。结果本组患者均顺利完成手术,无肾切除、肾穿孔等严重并发症出现,手术时间90～120min,出血〈100ml,均无输血;术后随访半年,肾功能均有不同程度改善。结论 B超引导经皮肾镜下使用EMSⅢ代碎石清石系统治疗肾结石具有损伤小、出血少、恢复快等优点,可以使多数患者避免开放手术。     

A comparative study of computer-aided classification systems for focal hepatic lesions from B-mode ultrasound

Abstract

A comparative study of three computer-aided classification (CAC) systems for characterization of focal hepatic lesions (FHLs), such as cyst, hemangioma (HEM), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and metastatic carcinoma (MET), along with normal (NOR) liver tissue is carried out in the present work. In order to develop efficient CAC systems a comprehensive and representative dataset consisting of B-mode ultrasound images with (1) typical and atypical cases of cyst, HEM and MET lesions, (2) small and large HCC lesions and (3) NOR liver cases have been used for designing K-nearest neighbour (KNN), probabilistic neural network (PNN) and a back propagation neural network (BPNN) classifiers. For differential diagnosis between atypical FHLs, expert radiologists often visualize the textural characteristics of regions inside and outside the lesion. Accordingly in the present work, texture features and texture ratio features are computed from regions inside and outside the lesions. A feature set consisting of 208 texture features (i.e. 104 texture features and 104 texture ratio features) is subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) for dimensionality reduction; it is observed that maximum accuracy of 87.7% is obtained for a PCA-BPNN-based CAC system in comparison to 86.1% and 85% as obtained by PCA-PNN and PCA-KNN-based CAC systems. The sensitivity of the proposed PCA-BPNN based CAC system for NOR, Cyst, HEM, HCC and MET cases is 82.5%, 96%, 93.3%, 90% and 82.2%, respectively. The sensitivity values with respect to typical, atypical, small HCC and large HCC cases are 85.9%, 88.1%, 100% and 87%, respectively. Keeping in view the comprehensive and representative dataset used for designing the classifier, the results obtained by the proposed PCA-BPNN-based CAC system are quite encouraging and indicate its usefulness to assist experienced radiologists for interpretation and diagnosis of FHLs.     

Asymptomatic hyperglycaemia is associated with increased intimal plus medial thickness of the carotid artery

Summary Atherosclerotic changes have not been demonstrated directly in asymptomatic hyperglycaemic non-diabetic subjects, although high mortality due to coronary heart disease has been reported. We measured arterial wall thickness non-invasively, in order to directly demonstrate atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries of hyperglycaemic non-diabetic subjects and to evaluate its risk factors.The thicknesses of the intimal plus medial complex (IMT) of the carotid arteries of 112 asymptomatic hyperglycaemic non-diabetic subjects (aged 22–81, 95 males and 17 females) were compared with those of 55 healthy male subjects and 211 non-insulin-dependent NIDDM male diabetic patients. The subjects were subgrouped into impaired glucose-tolerant (IGT) subjects who had a 2-h glycaemic level of more than 7.8 mmol/l, and non-IGT subjects whose 2-h glycaemic levels were within 6.7–7.7 mmol/l.Non-IGT and IGT subjects showed significantly greater IMTs than age-matched healthy males and showed no significant differences compared to age-matched NIDDM patients. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the risk factors for IMT of non-IGT and IGT subjects were age and systolic blood pressure. According to data on the accumulation of atherogenic risks (hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and smoking), IMT increased linearly in non-IGT and IGT subjects. However, non-IGT and IGT subjects without hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, or smoking risk still had significantly greater IMT than age-matched normal males (1.019±0.063 vs 0.770±0.111 mm, p<0.05). Prevalence of ECG-indicated coronary heart disease was significantly higher in hyperglycaemic non-diabetic subjects and NIDDM with increased carotid arterial wall thickness (IMT 1.1 mm) than in those without increased thickness (IMT<1.1 mm). Asymptomatic hyperglycaemic non-diabetic subjects have increased thickness of their carotid arteries compared to age-matched male NIDDM patients. As one of several independent risk factors, mild hyperglycaemia advances atherosclerosis, which leads to coronary heart disease.Abbreviations IMT Intimal plus medial complex - NIDDM non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus - IGT impaired glucose tolerance - CHD coronary heart disease - T-Chol serum total cholesterol - HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol - TG serum triglycerides     

Prediction and validation of DXA-derived appendicular lean soft tissue mass by ultrasound in older adults

The purpose of this study was to develop regression-based prediction equations for estimating dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived appendicular lean soft tissue mass (aLM) using ultrasound and to investigate the validity of these equations in 102 Caucasian adults aged 50 to 76 years. The subjects were randomly separated into two groups: 71 in the model-development group (41 men and 30 women) and 31 in the cross-validation group (18 men and 13 women). aLM was measured using a DXA, and muscle thickness (MT) was measured using ultrasound at 9 sites. Stepwise linear regression analysis was used to determine predictive models for DXA-derived aLM from MT variables, sex, and age. A number of ultrasound prediction equations for estimation of aLM were developed and then cross-validated in a subsample of older adults. The results indicated that ultrasound MT and MT × height can be used to accurately and reliably estimate DXA-derived aLM in older Caucasian adults.     

B超引导下经皮肾镜取石术疗效分析

目的：总结B超引导下经皮肾镜取石术（percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL）治疗经验,并探讨其安全性及有效性。方法：采用B超引导下经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结石病人共21例,对这些病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：21例病人行B超引导下经皮肾镜取石术均获得满意效果,所有病例均采用单通道完成手术,结石取尽率95.24%,术中出血50～300mL,平均150mL,无大出血,手术时间30～90分,平均55分,无严重感染。结论：B超引导下经皮肾镜取石术是安全有效的,术中定位准确,免除X线辐射,操作简便,在临床应用中有较大优势。     

A Critical Review and Uniformized Representation of Statistical Distributions Modeling the Ultrasound Echo Envelope

In ultrasound imaging, various statistical distributions have been proposed to model the first-order statistics of the amplitude of the echo envelope. We present an overview of these distributions based on their compound representation, which comprises three aspects: the modulated distribution (Rice or Nakagami); the modulating distribution (gamma, inverse Gaussian or even generalized inverse Gaussian); and the modulated parameters (the diffuse signal power with or without the coherent signal component or the coherent signal power). This unifying point of view makes the comparison of the various models conceptually easier. In particular, we discuss the implications of the modulated parameters on the mean intensity and the signal-to-noise ratio of the intensity in the case of a vanishing diffuse signal. We conclude that the homodyned K-distribution is the only model among the literature for which the parameters have a physical meaning that is consistent with the limiting case, although the other distributions may fit real data. (E-mail: guy.cloutier@umontreal.ca)     

原发性胆囊癌B超误诊原因分析

本文分析经Ｂ超检查并手术和病理证实的３０例原发性胆囊癌的误诊原因，其中假阳性２５例，假阴性５例。误诊原因有：（１），充满型胆囊结石因弧形光带伴宽声影，掩盖了肿瘤声像不能显示；（２）只满足于发现胆囊结石，对伴有胆囊癌未引起重视，又缺乏多体位、多切面扫查，造成误诊；（３）胆囊不显像，无法判明胆囊的情况造成误诊；（４）将胆囊腔内蛔虫残体的声像误诊为胆囊癌；（５）因胆囊炎症致囊壁增厚且凸凹不平误诊为厚壁型胆囊癌；（６）胆囊腔内除见两块结石强光团外，还可见２．８×１．９ｃｍ较强光团但不伴声影，超声诊断为胆囊结石伴胆囊癌，手术证实不伴声影的较强光团系胆囊结石外周包裹了结缔组织所致；（７）Ｂ超与ＣＴ均诊断为胆囊癌伴胆囊周围癌浸润，手术和病理证实为胆固醇肉芽肿，胆囊壁由于炎症致使增厚并与周围肝组织粘连。     

B超监测胎儿生物物理象在围产期的临床应用

本文对210例孕妇进行胎儿生物物理象(BPS)包括FM(胎动)、FBM(胎儿呼吸运动)、FT(胎儿肌张力)、AFV(羊水深度)以及NST(无负荷试验)综合评分,将其结果与胎儿预后指标进行对比,发现BPS≤5分组的新生儿1分钟Apgar≤7分率、羊水污染率、小于胎龄儿(SGA)、围产儿死亡率均高于BPS≥6分组。结合临床及其它监测项目,从而为分娩方式提供了可靠依据,降低了围产儿的死亡率,为高危妊娠的监护开辟了新的途径。