Transformation of Sucrose to Starch and Protein in Rice Leaves and Grains under Two Establishment Methods

Six rice varieties, PR120, PR116, Feng Ai Zan, PR115, PAU201 and Punjab Mehak 1 were raised under aerobic and transplanting conditions to assess the effects of planting conditions on sucrose metabolising enzymes in relation to the transformation of free sugars to starch and protein in flag leaves and grains. Activities of sucrose synthase, sucrose phosphate synthase and acid invertase increased till flowering stage in leaves and mid-milky stage(14 d after flowering) in grains and thereafter declined in concomitant with the contents of reducing sugar. Under aerobic conditions, the activities of acid invertase and sucrose synthase(cleavage) significantly decreased in conjunction with the decrease in non-reducing sugars and starch content in all the varieties. Disruption of starch biosynthesis under the influence of aerobic conditions in both leaves and grains and the higher build up of sugars possibly resulted in their favoured utilization in nitrogen metabolism. Feng Ai Zan, PR115 and PR120 maintained higher levels of sucrose synthase enzymes in grains and leaves and contents of metabolites(amino acid, protein and non-reducing sugar) under aerobic conditions, while PR116, Punjab Mehak 1 and PAU201 performed better under transplanting conditions, thus showing their adaptation to environmental stress. Yield gap between aerobic and transplanting rice is attributed primarily to the difference in sink activity and strength. Overall, it appear that up-regulation of sucrose synthase(synthesis) and sucrose phosphate synthase under aerobic conditions might be responsible in enhancing growth and productivity of rice varieties.     

不同氮肥施用量对甜菜蔗糖代谢关键酶和可溶性糖含量的影响

为了筛选合适的氮素施用量,研究氮素营养和甜菜蔗糖代谢的关系。以尿素为氮源,采用HI003为试材,研究了不同的施氮水平对甜菜叶片和块根可溶性糖含量、蔗糖磷酸合成酶、蔗糖合成酶活性的影响。结果表明：在生育期初期,叶片和块根中的可溶性糖含量随着施氮量的提高降低,后期糖分积累期,施氮量(40~160kg/hm²)可以提高块根的可溶性糖含量,超过160kg/hm²可溶性糖含量降低;叶片中,整个生育期施氮肥处理增加了蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性,蔗糖合成酶在生育期前期随着施氮量增加活性降低;甜菜块根中,氮素处理在生育期初期,降低了蔗糖合成酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶的活性,适宜的施氮量(120~160kg/hm²）可以提高甜菜生育期后期块根中的蔗糖合成酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性;试验发现较高的施氮量不利于糖的积累,适合的施氮量为120~160kg/hm²。     

青岛泊子盐场放线菌多样性及其功能酶的筛选

采用平板涂布法利用3种培养基从青岛即墨市田横镇泊子盐场盐池底泥样中共分离纯化出15株放线菌,对分离菌株进行16S rRNA基因测序分析。发现这15株放线菌分属于链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、拟诺卡氏菌属(Nocardiopsis)和1个新属,其中Streptomyces属为优势菌属;菌株CXB832与Nocardiopsis arabia DSM 45083T和Haloactinospora albus DSM 45015T最接近,同源性分别为95.4%和94.9%,根据其表型和分子特征可以初步判定该菌株为放线菌新属。培养基及培养温度对盐池环境中放线菌的分离效果均有影响,利用淀粉酪素培养基在37℃分离的放线菌种类和数量较多。在15株放线菌中,分别有12株、3株、2株和1株放线菌产淀粉酶、酯酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶。     

Chitosanases from Family 46 of Glycoside Hydrolases: From Proteins to Phenotypes

Chitosanases, enzymes that catalyze the endo-hydrolysis of glycolytic links in chitosan, are the subject of numerous studies as biotechnological tools to generate low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) or chitosan oligosaccharides (CHOS) from native, high molecular weight chitosan. Glycoside hydrolases belonging to family GH46 are among the best-studied chitosanases, with four crystallography-derived structures available and more than forty enzymes studied at the biochemical level. They were also subjected to numerous site-directed mutagenesis studies, unraveling the molecular mechanisms of hydrolysis. This review is focused on the taxonomic distribution of GH46 proteins, their multi-modular character, the structure-function relationships and their biological functions in the host organisms.     

胆盐水解酶基因结构与功能研究现状

胆盐水解酶是微生物生长、繁殖过程中产生的一种胞内酶,因其可能与降低血胆固醇、预防心血管疾病有关而受到广泛关注。本文从胆盐水解酶的特性出发,综述了胆盐水解酶的生理功能、酶学活性、微生物菌群的来源及特征,以及胆盐水解酶的氨基酸结构等方面的研究进展,以期为进一步深入研究胆盐水解酶的作用机理及相关制品的开发利用提供参考。     

热稳定性对甲基对硫磷水解酶在毕赤酵母中分泌的影响

甲基对硫磷水解酶可生物降解有机磷农药,由于其特殊的应用价值,越来越受到人们的关注。来源于苍白杆菌的甲基对硫磷水解酶MPH-Och在毕赤酵母系统中不能有效地分泌表达。将热稳定性提高的突变体MPH-S274Q在毕赤酵母中表达,发现其毕赤酵母重组菌株经摇瓶诱导培养120 h后,培养上清的酶活力达到0.7 U/mL,蛋白分泌量是野生型的14倍,SDS-PAGE电泳图中培养上清有明显的蛋白质条带,进一步证明了分泌效率提高,该结果表明提高蛋白质的热稳定性可以作为提高外源蛋白在毕赤酵母中的分泌效率的一条有效途径。     

FaASR基因超表达促进草莓果实着色

以‘甜查理’草莓为试材,在克隆草莓ASR同源基因的基础上,对草莓中FaASR基因进行生物信息学、时空表达分析,通过调控草莓果实中ASR基因表达水平,分析果实的着色、蔗糖、ABA、色素和果实硬度等生理指标的变化,以及与色素代谢相关基因CHS、UFGT的表达水平,揭示ASR基因调控草莓果实成熟的机制。草莓ASR含有一个典型的与果实成熟和抗逆有关的ABA/WDS区域,ASR基因过量表达可以促进草莓果实提前上色,促进果实内源ABA积累、蔗糖含量增加和果实变软,并且促进与果实花色苷积累相关的关键基因CHS和UFGT的转录水平。该研究有助于深入揭示果实发育信息传递的分子机制,也为今后草莓的分子改良育种奠定重要的基础。     

宿根矮化病菌对甘蔗品质及茎、叶超微结构的影响

 甘蔗宿根矮化病(Ratoon Stunting Disease, RSD)是由Leifsonia xyli subsp.xyli (Lxx)引起的,是目前世界所有植蔗地区危害性极大的病害之一。本实验以甘蔗品种新台糖22号(ROC22)健康植株为对照,感染RSD植株为处理,观察和测定RSD侵染甘蔗引起的蔗株农艺性状、蔗糖分以及茎、叶超微结构的变化。结果表明:(1)感染RSD种茎的出苗率比对照减少2.94个百分点;株高比对照下降28.85 cm;茎径比对照减少0.28 cm;节间长度比对照减短3.50 cm;单茎重比对照低0.36 kg。(2)感染RSD植株的蔗糖分低于对照0.9个百分点(绝对值)。(3)利用透射电镜技术对感染RSD植株茎、叶细胞超微结构进行观察表明,叶片叶肉细胞、维管束鞘细胞及茎细胞内的细胞器及细胞核都发生了明显的病理变化。与健康叶片相比,叶绿体变形,叶绿体基质片层大部分消解,基粒结构消失,叶绿体外膜和内膜剥离。线粒体形态异常,有的肿大、内嵴模糊,严重者内嵴消失并空泡化,仅剩未被消解的残骸;细胞核形态变为不规则,核膜破裂,染色质分布不均匀,呈降解状态。在感染RSD甘蔗茎维管束导管细胞内积累有大量的电子致密物质,细胞壁有不同程度的溶解和断裂,这可能和RSD病原细菌侵染有关。以上结果表明:RSD侵染甘蔗后,可能导致光合效率下降,对水分和营养物质的运输能力降低,从而导致甘蔗品质和产量的降低。     

水稻糖苷水解酶基因OsBE1在叶绿体发育中的功能

叶绿体在植物碳水化合物代谢中起着至关重要的作用,然而有关碳水化合物代谢在叶绿体发育过程中的功能却知之甚少。从水稻中克隆了一个Oryza sativa Branching Enzyme 1 (OsBE1)基因,该基因编码一个糖苷水解酶13家族的蛋白。OsBE1与拟南芥AtBE1的一致性为66%,但与水稻典型淀粉分支酶的一致性仅约为40%。该基因的T-DNA插入功能缺失突变体osbe1幼苗白化,且其白化表型不能用外源糖类拯救。osbe1突变体幼苗最终在三叶期死亡。淀粉染色表明,osbe1突变体中淀粉的含量与野生型无明显差异。进一步的研究表明,osbe1突变体叶绿体数目较少,且无明显的基质片层结构。构建了OsBE1基因过量表达载体pCAMBIA1300-35S-OsBE1,并将其转化水稻中花11。获得的108株转基因水稻中,77株表现不同程度的黄化。本文初步揭示了碳水化合物代谢调控叶绿体发育的机制,并为深入研究糖苷水解酶BE1的功能奠定了基础。