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??Objective    To compare clinical success rates of Er??YAG laser combined with different capping agents for direct pulp capping in primary teeth and evaluate the pain during treatment. Methods    A total of 60 teeth of 60 children between the age of 3 and 5 years were selected for this study. All the samples were randomly assigned to the following 4 groups??n=15???? Er??YAG laser+MTA??the exposed area was sealed with MTA after Er??YAG laser for caries removal and cavity preparation??Er??YAG laser+calcium hydroxide??CH????the treated area was sealed with CH paste after Er??YAG laser for caries removal??dental handpiece+MTA??the exposed pulp was sealed with MTA after dental handpiece for caries removal??dental handpiece+CH??CH was applied after dental handpiece for caries removal. The depth of cavity preparation was recorded while the child felt painful. At the 3-??6-??12-and 24-month recall examiations??the effect was observed by X-ray. Results    The proportion of the depth of cavity preparation??superficial dentin??middle dentin??deep dentin??by handpiece and Er??YAG laser was 50%??40%??10% and 0.67%??20%??79.33%??respectively. The two patterns of cavity preparation revealed significant difference??P < 0.05??. At the 3-??6-??12-month recall examiations??the success rates of the laser groups were higher than the handpiece groups??while they had no significant difference??P > 0.05??. At the 24 months??the success rates of the laser groups were 93.3%. They showed significantly higher success rates than the handpiece groups??P < 0.05??. The success rates of handpiece+MTA and handpiece+CH were 80%??12/15??and 73%??11/15????which did not reveal any significant difference. Conclusion        Er??YAG laser combined with pulp capping agents can be recommended for direct pulp therapy in primary teeth??and Er??YAG laser will result in a slight pain??thus the children will be inclined to accept and complete the treatment. The clinical effect of MTA shows no statistical difference compared with CH.     

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??Nickel-titanium instruments are the mainstream in the root canal preparation??and are widely used in the modern root canal treatment. But some researchers believe that the preparation process may cause or aggravate dentinal microcracks of the root canal wall. Dentinal microcracks will lead to bacteria colonization??microleakage and even vertical root fracture??and reduce the long-term outcome of root canal treatment. This article elaborated the hazard??etiology??prevention and controversy of the formation of dentinal microcracks in the process of root canal preparation with nickel-titanium instruments.     

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??Objective     To investigate the effect of irradiation with Nd??YAG laser on the surface microstructure and temperature change of dental implants in vitro??in order to provide the reference for clinical parameter setting and operation method. Methods    The titanium discs were irradiated by Nd??YAG laser with different parameter setting. The surface microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscope?? and the temperature elevation was measured by thermocouple. The time to reach a 10?? increase in temperature was recorded as well. Results    ??1??Local areas with surface melting on 0.2W ??20 mJ??10 Hz??and significant melting with crackson 1W setting ??100 mJ??10 Hz or 50 mJ??20 Hz?? were observed after Nd??YAG laser irradiation without cooling??while the surface of the titanium disk is still molten with water vapor cooling.??2??The temperature elevation of titanium discs were less than 10?? with low power setting or water cooling conditions of Nd??YAG laser irradiation for 30 seconds. It took 13.8??6.2 and 7.8 seconds??respectively??to reach a 10?? increase threshold in temperature after being irradiated with 0.5 W ??50 mJ??10 Hz??and 1W??100 mJ??10 Hz or 50 mJ??20 Hz??without cooling conditions. Conclusion    Direct and prolonged exposure to Nd:YAG laser leads to microstructure change of implant surface??and may produce a risk of thermal damage to surrounding tissue. The reasonable parameter setting??mobile radiation mode and cooling are suggested.     

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??OBJECTIVE To study the anti-inflammatory active constituents of Mangifera indica L. seed kernel. METHODS The compounds were isolated by silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and ODS column chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by spectral analyses and physicochemical properties. The anti-inflammatory activities of selected isolated compounds were evaluated as inhibitory activities against lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced nitric oxide(NO) production in RAW264.7 cell lines by Griess reaction. RESULTS Eight compounds were obtained from n-butanol fraction of Mangifera indica L. seed kernel,whose structures were elucidated as 4-O-ethylgallic acid(1), gallic acid(2), citric acid(3), 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloylglucose(4),1,3,6-tri-O-galloylglucose(5), hyperoside(6), quercetin-3-O-rhamnopyranoside(7), and mangiferin(8). Compounds 1, 2 and 4-8 exhibited potent inhibitory effect on NO production in LPS-induced macrophages, especially compounds 6 and 8 showed the best inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values of 16.5 and 19.5 ??mol??L^-1, respectively. CONCLUSION Compounds 1 and 3-8 were obtained from Mangifera indica L. seed kernel for the first time. Compounds 1, 2 and 4-8 are the anti-inflammatory active constituents of Mangifera indica L. seed kernel. Compounds 6 and 8 are the most potent anti-inflammatory active constituents.     

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??Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Ch.P) 2015 edition is the 10th revision of Ch.P since the People??s Republic of China was established.The article is to describe the general situation about the development of Ch.P 2015 edition, it will play very important role for the Ch.P 2015 on improving the standards system, strengthening the quality control for the drug, increasing the application of the advance detection technology, enlarging the monographs adoption, Improving the general requirements and control for the drug safety as well as the leading the international drug standards.     

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??OBJECTIVE To establish a method for the rapid identification of Alismatis Rhizoma based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)molecular marker. METHODS Total genomic DNA was extracted using improved DNA extraction kit, and the internal tran scribed spacer 2(ITS2) regions were amplified and annotated by using the hidden Markov model(HMM). In addition, the ITS2 sequences of Alisma orientale and Alisma plantago-aquatica were aligned through Clustal-W, and then SNP was detected to identify Alismatis Rhizoma. RESULTS The length of A.orientale and A.plantago-aquatica ITS2 sequences was 311 bp. No intra-specific variation was found among the samples of two species,respectively. One stable SNP (A/T) was detected at 165 bp in ITS2 region which was useful for identification of the two species. The result was confirmed by NJ tree method. Furthermore, authentication of commercial Alismatis Rhizoma by SNP molecular marker and NJ tree method indicated that only two medicinal samples (7%) were A.orientale and the others (93%) were A. plantago-aquatica which was not recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. CONCLUSION SNP molecular marker can stably and accurately distinguish Alismatis Rhizoma in the market and can offer scientific basis for protection of germplasm resources and cultivation of Alisma.
     

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??OBJECTIVE To study the effects and mechanisms of apple polysaccharides(AP) on tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated colon cancer. METHODS AP was obtained from apple pomace and its protective efficacy was evaluated on carcinogenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated colon cancer induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). The effects of AP on TLR4/MyD88/NF-??B pathway were measured using immunohistochemistry , ELISA and Western blot.The serum were collected and TNF-?? was measured by ELISA kits. RESULTS After 20 weeks of continuous treatment, the incidence of colon cancer formation was 95% in the mice treated with AOM/DSS (model group), and these reduced to 26%, 10% and 5% in AP (1.25%, 2.5% and 5%) treatment group respectively. Western blot analysis demonstrated that TLR4 (membrane protein), MyD88, NF-??B p65 (nuclear protein) expression decreased significantly at protein level; and the secretion of TNF-?? decreased in control group(P<0.05). CONCLUSION AP could protect ICR mice from CACC effectively and the possible mechanism may be related to the inhibition of TLR4/MyD88/ NF-??B pathways.     

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??OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of a monomer purified from Paris Polyphylla(PP-22) on proliferation,apoptosis of human gastric carcinoma MGC803 cells and to study the sensitizing effect of PP-22 on the proliferation of MGC803 cells to chemotherapeutic drugs 5-fluorouracil(5-Fu) or lobaplatin. METHODS MTT assay and cell colone formation inhibitory assay were used to determine the inhibitory effect of PP-22 on human gastric carcinoma MGC803 cells.The sensitizing effects of PP-22 on MGC803 cells to chemotherapeutic drugs 5-Fu, lobaplatin were determined by MTT assay.The percentage of apoptotic cells and cell cycle distribution were determined by flow cytometry.The expression of cell apoptosis associated proteins were analyzed by Western blotting.RESULTS MTT assay showed that PP-22 inhibited gastric carcinoma MGC803 cells proliferation in dose-dependent manner (r=0.90,P<0.05), but did not inhibit the growth of normal liver L02 cells at the same concentration. Cell colony formation inhibitory assay demonstrated that cell clones decreased with the increase of drug concentrations. The chemosensitivity of 5-Fu,or lobaplatin combined with PP-22 was improved compared with PP-22 group,respectively.PI staining analysis showed that the cell cycle was arrested at S phase. Western blotting detecting showed that the expression of Caspase-9, Caspase-3 were downregulated, the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 is downregulated and pro-apoptotic protein Bak upregulated.CONCLUSION PP-22 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of MGC803 cells effectively and also sensitizes MGC803 cells to chemotherapeutic drugs.     

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??Riluzole is a benzothiazole compounds, and it is the only drug approved by FDA for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. By adjusting the concentration of glutamic acid and interfering with ion channels, riluzole has a wide range of pharmacology action, such as, regulating glutamate concentration, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, anti-depressants, anti-anxiety, analgesic and so on. In this paper, the pharmacological action of riluzole is summarized, aiming at providing help for its research and application.