Risk Assessment in Construction

This study is concerned with the assessment of risk for major construction activities. Risk has been defined as a measure of the probability, the severity, and the exposure of all hazards of an activity. A risk assessor model (RAM) was developed and computerized to determine the risk associated with a particular activity and the justification factor for a proposed remedy. Knowing the value of risk would help contractors identify the high risk of major construction activities and would enable them to allocate safety precautions in a more efficient manner.     

离子束混合工艺对材料抗蚀性能的影响

本文介绍了离子束混合工艺方法。与直接注入相比较,离子束混合所使用的设备造价低1/4—1/2,而生产效率可提高1—2个数量级,因而使生产成本大幅度降低,这无疑对离子束工艺的实际应用将产生巨大的促进作用。 通过对轴承材料(GCr15和Cr4Mo4V)经Cr、N、Ta不同元素的混合处理后,在0.5M H_2SO_4和0.1M NaCl的缓冲溶液中的阳极极化曲线表明经混合处理后的两种材料试样,其抗蚀能力和抗点蚀能力均大大提高,这与直接注入的试样效果是一致的。 通过俄歇谱仪和透射电镜的分析结果表明混合是成功的,且在一定的条件下,形成非晶组织。 本文的结论是,无论是离子的直接注入还是离子束混合,对提高轴承材料的抗腐蚀性能都是有效的方法,特别是离子束混合技术具有更大的应用前景。     

生产装置在线模拟与优化技术的应用

概述了以通用软件为基础开发化工生产装置严格在线模拟与优化系统的过程，介绍了在线模型的５个层次及其特点，以合成氨为例说明了在线模型的运行和应用情况。     

Wiener models of direction-dependent dynamic systems

Analysis of systems with direction-dependent dynamics is currently limited to cases in which the dynamics in the two directions of the output are first order; results for such systems have been published for both pseudo-random maximum-length binary (MLB) and inverse-repeat maximum-length binary (IR-MLB) inputs. These relatively limited analytical results make it useful to examine alternative ways of modelling such systems and in this paper, Wiener models are considered for this purpose. Methods for optimising the Wiener model parameters by matching the system and model cross-correlation functions, outputs, and discrete Fourier transforms of the outputs are considered, and the results are compared. These methods are also applied to a first-order direction-dependent system with a maximum-length ternary (MLT) input, for which no analytical results are currently available, and to a second-order system with an IR-MLB input.     

Significance of fluid regime in biological filtration

A dispersed flow model previously developed to study substrate utilization in unsaturated media was experimentally verified and its practical application was considered. For this purpose, measurements were made using tap water and a synthetic feed solution. The importance of the change in fluid regime as regards to the simultaneous transport and reaction within biological filters were demonstrated. The effect of drop formation and the breakage of liquid jets inside the filters on substrate utilization was also shown.     

Prediction of evaporation heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of refrigerant mixtures

A study on the prediction of heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and pressure drop of refrigerant mixtures is reported. HTCs and pressure drops of prospective mixtures to replace R12 and R22 are predicted on the same cooling capacity basis. Results indicate that nucleate boiling is suppressed at qualities greater than 20.0% for all mixtures and evaporation becomes the main heat transfer mechanism. For the same capacity, some mixtures containing R32 and R152a show 8.0–10.0% increase in HTCs. Some mixtures with large volatility difference exhibit as much as 55.0% reduction compared with R12 and R22, caused by mass transfer resistance and property degradation due to mixing (32.0%) and reduced mass flow rates (23.0%). Other mixtures with moderate volatility difference exhibit 20.0–30.0% degradation due mainly to reduced mass flow rates. The overall impact of heat transfer degradation, however, is insignificant if major heat transfer resistance exists in the heat transfer fluid side (air system). If the resistance in the heat transfer fluid side is of the same order of magnitude as that on the refrigerant side (water system), considerable reduction in overall HTC of up to 20% is expected. A study of the effect of uncertainties in transport properties on heat transfer shows that transport properties of liquid affect heat transfer more than other properties. Uncertainty of 10.0% in transport properties causes a change of less than 6% in heat transfer prediction.     

Probabilistic linear models for multiresolution estimation in gray-level images

A multiresolution analysis of digital gray-level images is presented. A gray-level multi-scale framework is determined from two main assumptions: the gray scale is binary at the finest spatial resolution, and the gray levels of composed regions are obtained additively. In order to interrelate the gray-level histograms of the same image at different resolutions, probabilistic linear models are developed, which are then applied for estimation. Linear-optimization theory is used as a way of constructing such models. A general procedure for image processing is sketched, based on gray-level estimation. A versatile algorithm for nonlinear filtering is derived. Some examples of prospective applications are given.This work was partially supported by grant TIC91-646 from the DGYCIT of the Spanish Government.     

高功率CO2激光器换热性能的研究

高功率CO2气体激光器的换热性能好坏是器件长期稳定运行的关键环节之一。本文以板翅式热交换器为例阐明了热交换器的计算和设计方法。     

采用混合物作工质的J—T节流制冷机

报告了国内外采用混合物作工质的Ｊ一Ｔ节流制冷机的实验研究情况。理论计算的两个重要参数（等温节流效应和正常沸点）与这些实验的结果作了对比。另外，给出了工作在不同压力下的一种混合工质及纯氮的焓温图。从理论计算和实验的结果可以看出混合工质Ｊ一Ｔ节流制冷机比单纯工质的Ｊ一Ｔ节流制冷机有更大的制冷量和更高的热效率。     

New and used temporal models: An issue of time

TheSpecial Issue on Applications of Temporal Models raises many issues of time: What are the important properties of time? How can time be best represented? How can one reason about time-dependent properties? What are the important directions of temporal research? This introductory piece very briefly surveys the current wide variety of temporal models, temporal reasoning methods, and applications to time-varying phenomena. Promising areas of investigation such as the verification of concurrent systems, knowledge-base representation methods, and dealing with theFrame Problem pass in fleeting review. Brief introductions to each of the works in the volume close the section.