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41.
《Ceramics International》2020,46(7):8675-8681
The dielectric properties and bipolar polarization-electric field (P-E) and strain-electric field (S-E) dynamic hysteresis of a relaxor [001]c 0.73Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.27PbTiO3 (PMN-0.27PT) single crystal were investigated to reveal more details of the temperature-induced phase transitions. Different linear scaling relations for ferroelectric hysteresis area <A>, coercive field Ec, saturation polarization Ps and remnant polarization Pr versus temperature τ were measured in different temperature regions. For each measurement frequency f, all hysteresis parameters were found to decrease linearly with temperature in the temperature range of the single rhombohedral (R) phase or tetragonal (T) phase, and the rate of decrease in the T phase was observed to be much larger than the corresponding rate in the R phase. In the temperature range near the R-T phase transition, the exponent α in the power law <A>∝f α for the R phase was found to be smaller than that for the T phase, and the magnitude of α depended strongly on temperature when the crystal was in the R-T coexisting phase state. Our experimental and theoretical results indicate that the difference in the activation energy and dipole moment in the R and T phases may lead to the observed discrepancy for the P-E and S-E hysteresis behaviour in different temperature regions. 相似文献
42.
Daniel Biedermann Jan Schneider Hendrik Drachsler 《Journal of Computer Assisted Learning》2021,37(5):1217-1231
Digital distractions can interfere with goal attainment and lead to undesirable habits that are hard to get red rid of. Various digital self-control interventions promise support to alleviate the negative impact of digital distractions. These interventions use different approaches, such as the blocking of apps and websites, goal setting, or visualizations of device usage statistics. While many apps and browser extensions make use of these features, little is known about their effectiveness. This systematic review synthesizes the current research to provide insights into the effectiveness of the different kinds of interventions. From a search of the ‘ACM’, ‘Springer Link’, ‘Web of Science’, ’IEEE Xplore’ and ‘Pubmed’ databases, we identified 28 digital self-control interventions. We categorized these interventions according to their features and their outcomes. The interventions showed varying degrees of effectiveness, and especially interventions that relied purely on increasing the participants' awareness were barely effective. For those interventions that sanctioned the use of distractions, the current literature indicates that the sanctions have to be sufficiently difficult to overcome, as they will otherwise be quickly dismissed. The overall confidence in the results is low, with small sample sizes, short study duration, and unclear study contexts. From these insights, we highlight research gaps and close with suggestions for future research. 相似文献
43.
《Ceramics International》2020,46(8):11846-11853
Cr2AlC and its composites containing α-Al2O3 (6.1 and 15.2 wt %) were prepared by hot pressing and their corrosion behaviors in air-saturated 3.5 wt % NaCl aqueous solution were investigated by electrochemical testing methods. It was revealed that the secondary phase of Al2O3 particles mainly distributed along grain boundaries of Cr2AlC matrix. The potentiodynamic polarization measurements showed that the corrosion current densities of these Cr2AlC composites were lower than that of the pure Cr2AlC. The Aluminum in Cr2AlC was prone to be attacked more easily. When immersed at open circuit potential (OCP), Al readily slipped out from Cr2AlC matrix into NaCl solution in the form of dissoluble species. But in the case of polarization, regardless of potentiostatic polarization or potentiodynamic polarization, more de-intercalated Al, reacted with the electrolyte to form corrosion products of Al2O3 and/or AlOOH and deposited on the sample surface. For Cr2AlC/α-Al2O3 composites, the presence of Al2O3 weakened the corrosion along grain boundaries by partly blocking the permeation of electrolyte and inhibiting the anodic dissolution process. 相似文献
44.
To improve the electrochemical properties of rare-earth–Mg–Ni-based hydrogen storage alloys, the effects of stoichiometry and Cu-substitution on the phase structure and thermodynamic properties of the ... 相似文献
45.
Daniel Whittaker Andreas Geist Giuseppe Modolo Robin Taylor Mark Sarsfield Andreas Wilden 《溶剂提取与离子交换》2018,36(3):223-256
Over the last decade there has been much interest in the applications of diglycolamide (DGA) ligands for the extraction of the trivalent lanthanide and actinide ions from PUREX high active raffinates or dissolved spent nuclear fuel. Of the DGAs, the N,N,N’,N’-tetraoctyldiglycolamide (TODGA) is the best known and most widely studied. A number of new actinide separation processes have been proposed based on extraction with TODGA. This review covers TODGA-based processes and extraction data, specifically focusing on how phase modifiers have been used to increase metal loading and thus enhance the operating process envelopes. Effects of third phase formation and the organic phase speciation are reviewed in this context. Relevant aspects of the extraction chemistry of important solvents (TODGA-modifier-diluent combinations) are described and their performances demonstrated by a consideration of the published flowsheet tests. It is seen that modifiers are successfully enabling the use of TODGA in actinide separation processes but to date the identification and testing of suitable modifiers has been rather empirical. There is a growing understanding of the fundamental chemistry occurring in the organic phase and how that affects extractant speciation and metal loading capacity but studies are still needed if TODGA-based flowsheets are to become an industrially deployable option for minor actinide (MA) recovery processes. 相似文献
46.
Fei Li Xin-Gang Wang Xiao Huang Ji-Xuan Liu Weichao Bao Guo-Jun Zhang Hongzhi Wang 《Journal of the European Ceramic Society》2018,38(14):4806-4813
We present a straightforward method via sol-gel process using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as phase separation inducer to prepare zirconium carbide/silicon carbide (ZrC/SiC) porous monoliths. Organic/inorganic hybrid gels are prepared using zirconium oxychloride, furfuryl alcohol, and tetraethyl orthosilicate as major starting materials. In the presence of PEG, crack-free hybrid monoliths are obtained by drying the wet gels under ambient pressure, whereas in the absence of PEG, the wet gels break into pieces as expected. PEG plays a key role in maintaining the macroscopic shape of the monoliths. After ceramization at 1300–1500?°C, ZrC/SiC porous monoliths are obtained. SEM and mercury intrusion porosimetry data show that PEG also has strong influence on the microstructures of the monoliths. The compressive strengths of the ceramic monoliths are in the range of 0.3 to 0.7?MPa. And their compressive behavior starts to differ due to the changes in their microstructures, especially the pore structure. 相似文献
47.
T. Galvin N.C. Hyatt W.M. Rainforth I.M. Reaney D. Shepherd 《Journal of the European Ceramic Society》2018,38(14):4585-4589
The molten salt method was used to synthesise the MAX phase compounds Ti2AlC and Ti3AlC2 from elemental powders. Between 900–1000?°C, Ti2AlC was formed alongside ancillary phases TiC and TiAl, which decreased in abundance with increasing synthesis temperature. Changing the stoichiometry and increasing the synthesis temperature to 1300?°C resulted in formation of Ti3AlC2 alongside Ti2AlC and TiC. The type of salt flux used had little effect on the product formation. The reaction pathway for Ti2AlC was determined to be the initial formation of TiC1-x templating on the graphite and titanium aluminides. 相似文献
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