Relations between damage symptoms and nutritional status of Norway spruce stands (Picea abies Karst.) in southwestern Germany

Since the mid-1970s new types of forest damage are observed in the Federal Republic of Germany. Typical damage symptoms in coniferous tree species are needle yellowing, reddening and premature loss of older foliage. Needle analysis carried out in damaged Norway spruce stands indicated that these phenomena, most of all needle yellowing, are influenced by the nutritional status of the trees. For the investigated sites Mg but also other elements, particularly P, S, K, Ca and Zn may play a causal role. As N is the most abundant element in the plant its form of uptake is important for a balanced nutrition. On the contrary to NO₃-N high NH₄-N uptake reduces the uptake of cations, particularly Mg and Ca, eventually inducing foliar discoloration symptoms on specific sites. Fertilizer experiments indicated that Mg fertilization is an appropriate tool to mitigate forest damages associated with Mg deficiency for a sustained time period. The application of N in the form of NH₄-N may impede Mg uptake. This mechanism may cause severe damage in forest areas receiving continuously high NH₄-N deposition.     

林产化学加工学科的现况与发展前景

本文了介绍了并论述了林产化学加工学科所含的五个专业方向，木材化学加工工程，树木提取物化学工程，林产生物化工，木材保护与改性，林产化工装备与控制的研究内容，工业现状，存在问题与发展前景。     

基于条件随机场的中医临床病历命名实体抽取

中医临床病历是中医重要的科研数据资源,但目前临床病历仍以文本为主要表达形式,对病历数据深入分析的前提是进行结构化信息抽取,而命名实体抽取是其基础性步骤。针对中医临床病历的命名实体,如症状、疾病和诱因等的抽取问题,通过手工标注的413份病历数据(以中文字为特征)与4类特征模版,将条件随机场(CRF)、隐马尔科夫模型(HMM)和最大熵马尔科夫模型(MEMM)用于中医病历命名实体抽取的实验,并进行比较分析。结果表明,结合合适的特征模版,CRF命名实体抽取方法取得了较好的性能,F1值的症状达到0.80,疾病名称达到0.74,诱因0.74。与HMM和MEMM相比,CRF有最高的准确率和召回率,是一种较为适用的中医临床病历命名实体抽取方法。     

基于C-V模型和MRF的脑部MRI分割

为准确分割脑部磁共振图像(MRI)的灰质、白质和背景,提出一种基于C-V模型和马尔可夫随机场的全自动分割方法。采用C-V模型与形态学相结合的方法对脑MRI进行预处理,去除多余脑组织,获得待分割图像。引入灰度场局部熵的思想对惩罚因子进行估计,利用马尔可夫随机场模型建模实现脑灰白质的分割,并运用形态学方法获得最终分割结果。对96幅IBSR图像和46幅临床图像进行实验,结果表明,该方法能够实现脑部MRI灰白质的全自动分割,且具有较好的分割精度和较快的处理速度。     

整数的最佳带符号二进制表示的随机生成算法

整数的带符号数字(BSD)表示广泛应用于计算机算术、密码学、数字信号处理等领域。给定整数有多种最佳带符号二进制表示。对整数的最佳带符号二进制表示的性质进行研究,给出了整数的最佳带符号二进制表示随机生成算法,所得算法能快速产生给定整数的随机最佳带符号二进制表示。     

基于SURF与Hough森林的人脸检测研究

为实现复杂场景中的人脸检测与定位,提出了一种基于快速鲁棒特征SURF与Hough森林的人脸检测算法。采用SURF局部特征构建Hough森林分类器,每个叶子节点存储类别信息与特征点到达目标中心的偏移量,在图像局部外观与Hough投票之间建立映射关系,生成有监督的判别式的码本,获得可靠的概率Hough投票,以此预测目标中心位置,提高了检测精度。与此同时,采用SURF局部特征提取图像兴趣点有助于减小计算量、加快检测速度。实验证明了所提算法的有效性。     

混合排名映射概率和混沌搜索的ABC算法

针对由于人工蜂群算法(Artificial Bee Colony algorithm,ABC)采用直接映射概率选择食物源而引起收敛速度慢、陷入局部最优等问题,提出一种混合排名映射概率和混沌搜索的人工蜂群算法((Artificial Bee Colony algorithm based on Hybrid rank mapping probability and Chaotic search,ABC-HC))。首先,利用目标函数值的排名来获取选择食物源的排名映射概率,并提出计算排名映射概率的两种方法;然后,在观察蜂阶段,融合这两种计算概率的方法,即不同的搜索阶段采用不同的排名映射方法计算食物源选择概率,构造基于混合排名映射概率的人工蜂群算法,以便能够维持种群的多样性避免陷于局部最优;最后,在侦查蜂阶段,使用混沌搜索替代随机搜索以便进一步提高收敛速度,最终获得较好的全局最优解。对10个标准测试函数进行仿真,结果表明,ABC-HC算法不仅提高了收敛速度,而且更能跳出局部最优,有效地找到全局最优解,优于标准的ABC算法和进化算法。     

基于决策树方法的云南省森林分类研究

森林分类对于理解森林生态系统结构和功能具有重要意义。由于云南省地形和森林类型复杂,首先按云南省的16个行政区划将全省Landsat TM影像分为对应的16个区域。以TM波段1~5和7,以及由植被指数、缨帽变换、主成分变换、DEM组成的18个变量组,统计训练样本光谱值均值变化和光谱值与频率间的关系。利用交点计算公式计算类间最佳分类界点进而建立决策树,逐一分离各区的所有森林类型,将分类结果合并得到云南省阔叶林、针叶林和针阔混交林类型分布图。最后将分类结果与监督分类中的最大似然比法的分类结果进行对比。结果表明:监督分类的总体分类精度为74.39%,Kappa系数为0.63,决策树方法的总体分类精度为86.61%,Kappa系数为0.80,说明决策树方法可以提取高精度的云南省森林类型,进而为该区域森林叶面积指数和生物量反演等研究提供基础数据支持。     

Two‐step consecutive reaction model and kinetic parameters relevant to the decomposition of Chinese forest fuels

Decomposition of some Chinese forest fuels has been studied by means of nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis in oxidative and inert atmosphere at low heating rates. A comparison between thermogravimetric curves obtained in air and nitrogen shows that the existence of oxygen enhances the decomposition rate and changes the mechanisms of thermal degradation. After the water evaporation, two well‐defined decomposition stages have been observed in thermogravimetric curves obtained in air, which correspond to oxidative degradation of main components and oxidation of char formed. A kinetic model named “two‐step consecutive reaction model” is developed to describe the thermal degradation process of these materials in air, and there is a good agreement between the experimental and calculated thermogravimetric and derivative thermogravimetric curves. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 571–576, 2006     

The effect of nitrogenous fertilizers on the nitrification of forest soils

The effect of fertilization with urea and ammonium nitrate on nitrogen mineralization was studied in a series of laboratory incubation experiments. The samples (humus layer) were collected from field experiments with different applications of fertilizers during a period of 11–14 years. The nitrogen fertilization influenced some chemical properties of the humus layer such as pH, N-Kjeldahl content and the content of inorganic nitrogen, especially in the samples from North Sweden. Nitrate nitrogen was formed in humus samples classified as non-nitrifying in several cases, usually after urea fertilization.