辣椒粉添加量对鲜湿面品质特性的影响

本试验选择辣椒粉和小麦粉为主要原料,对不同辣椒粉添加量的混合面团的粉质特性,糊化特性,及鲜湿面的色泽特性、蒸煮特性、质构特性、感官评价进行测定,最后结合主成分分析方法进行综合评价。试验结果表明：随着辣椒粉添加量的上升,面团稳定时间逐渐降低,公差指数先降低后增加,带宽先增加后降低;鲜湿面的糊化黏度降低,缩短糊化时间;鲜湿面的L*值逐渐下降,a*和b*逐渐上升;添加量2%的鲜湿面的断条率降低,膨胀度提高,硬度、回复性、内聚性、弹性、咀嚼性均提高,超过该添加量后鲜湿面各指标均有下降趋势,结合主成分分析提取了三个主成分(积累贡献率为94.778%),结果表明添加2%辣椒鲜湿面综合得分最高,为2.81分。因此,适量添加辣椒粉能改善鲜湿面的品质特性,改良其风味和口感,且辣椒粉添加量2%时效果最佳。     

植物蛋白肉的加工及品质特性研究进展

由于动物蛋白需求增加导致的环境压力增大、供给压力增大以及人体健康等问题,近年来植物蛋白肉受到国内外研究人员的广泛关注,成为食品行业的新风口。植物蛋白肉是以植物原料或其制品为蛋白质、脂肪的主要来源加工制成的具有与动物蛋白的质构、风味、形态等品质特征类似的替代肉制品。目前国内外已有多种加工方式来制备生产植物蛋白肉,但植物蛋白肉的品质与动物蛋白相比仍具有一定的差距,因此探究植物蛋白肉品质特性以及提升方法刻不容缓。本文总结了植物蛋白肉生产原料、加工技术及加工中的化学变化;阐述了植物蛋白肉的结构特性、质构及感官特性、营养特性等品质特性及分析评价方法;最后提出了改善植物蛋白肉品质的研究方向,以期为植物蛋白肉产品品质提档升级提供参考。     

Microwave freeze drying of sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus)

Freeze drying (FD) yields the best quality of dried sea cucumber but at the cost of long drying time and also the overall cost. Air drying (AD) gives an unacceptably poor quality product. To achieve faster drying along with a high quality product a microwave freeze drying (MFD) technique was developed to dry sea cucumbers. The relationship between corona discharge and microwave power at various pressures and initial moisture content conditions was studied to avoid the possibility of corona discharge during MFD. According to the drying characteristics of MFD, a control strategy for the MFD process was also developed. MFD reduced the drying time by about half of conventional FD process and provided a similar good product quality.     

过程能力分析在卷烟加料均匀性评价中的应用

为了量化评价卷烟制丝加料的均匀性,通过测定加料后试验样品中1,2-丙二醇的含量,根据统计过程控制技术的统计方法,对1,2-丙二醇的测定结果进行了系统的数理分析。结果表明:利用控制图和过程能力指数的评价方法,可对卷烟制丝加料过程的稳态进行判断,并对稳态条件下的加料均匀性进行定性和定量的描述及评价。     

氮磷钾肥对迟直播油菜产量和品质的影响

以甘蓝型油菜品种中双10号（ZS10）和中油杂5号（ZYZ5）为材料,研究迟直播条件下氮、磷、钾的＂3414＂肥料效应,确定最佳施肥量以减少迟直播对油菜产量和品质的影响。研究结果表明,各施肥处理对总生育期和苗期各指标影响不大。ZS10的主花序长、总角果数、千粒重与氮肥显著相关;ZYZ5的实际产量与氮肥显著相关。磷肥与各性状间关系不显著;钾肥与ZS10的每角果粒数、ZYZ5的实际产量达到显著相关。随着氮肥增加,菜籽含油量下降而蛋白质增加;磷肥对菜籽蛋白质含量和含油量影响不大;适量的钾肥有利于含油量的增加但对蛋白质含量影响较小。     

European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork

This paper presents the combined mid-term findings of the consumer research components of two EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated projects concerning meat, ProSafeBeef and Q-PorkChains. The consumer pillar of ProSafeBeef carried out eight focus group discussions in May 2008, in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Q-PorkChains conducted a large-scale, web-based, consumer survey in January 2008 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Poland. The first project provides a set of qualitative data from a small cohort of focus groups and the second a set of quantitative data from a larger consumer sample. This paper draws together the main findings of both projects and provides a comprehensive overview of European citizens’ and consumers’ attitudes towards and preferences regarding beef and pork. In general, consumers consider meat to be a healthy and important component of the diet. Consumers support the development of technologies that can improve the health attributes of meat products and guarantee eating quality, but they have a negative view of what they see to be excessive manipulation and lack of naturalness in the production and processing of beef products. In the Q-PorkChains study consumer and citizen segments are identified and profiled. Consumer segments were built upon the frequency and variety of pork consumption. The citizen segments were built upon their attitudes towards pig production systems. Overall, the relationship between individuals’ views as citizens and their behaviour as consumers was found to be quite weak and did not appear to greatly or systematically influence meat-buying habits. Future studies in both projects will concentrate on consumers’ acceptance of innovative meat product concepts and products, with the aim of boosting consumer trust and invigorating the European beef and pork industries.     

Effect of oxygen absorber, nitrogen flushing, packaging material oxygen transmission rate and storage conditions on quality retention of raw whole unpeeled almond kernels (Prunus dulcis)

The present study investigated the effect of active packaging, nitrogen flushing, container oxygen barrier and storage conditions on quality retention of raw whole unpeeled almonds. Almond kernels were packaged in: a) polyethylene terephthalate//low-density polyethylene (PET//LDPE), and b) low-density polyethylene/ethylene vinyl alcohol/low-density polyethylene (LDPE/EVOH/LDPE) pouches under N_2, with or without an oxygen absorber, heat-sealed and stored for a period of 12 months. Quality parameters monitored were: peroxide value (PV), hexanal content, color, fatty acid composition and volatile compounds. PV ranged between 0.17 for fresh almonds and 9.22 meq O₂/kg oil for almonds packaged in PET//LDPE pouches under N₂ exposed to light at 20 °C after 12 months of storage. Respective values for hexanal were <28.5 μg/kg and 4.88 mg/kg. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) increased with a parallel decrease of monounsaturated fatty acids (MFA) after 12 months of storage in all treatments. Likewise, volatile compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons increased indicating enhanced lipid oxidation. Color was the parameter least affected. Use of the oxygen absorber provided a shelf life of at least 12 months for all samples irrespective of container oxygen barrier, lighting conditions and storage temperature.     

Evaluating the impact of thermal and pressure treatment in preserving textural quality of selected foods

A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of various combinations of pressure and thermal treatments in preserving textural quality of selected foods. Carrot, zucchini, apricot, red radish, and jicama were used as test samples. Pressure-assisted thermal processing (PATP; 600 MPa, 105 °C), high-pressure processing (HPP; 600 MPa, 25 °C), and thermal processing (TP; 105 °C, 0.1 MPa) experiments were conducted. Role of pressure (600 MPa) in preserving product quality while simultaneously (PATP) or sequentially (HPP-TP) exposed to elevated process temperature (105 °C) was also compared. Instrumental puncture, shear force, color and sensory analyses were utilized to compare the influence of the various process treatments. A crunchiness index (CI), relating product puncture force and stiffness, was able to characterize the severity of the process treatments on various products tested. Among the treatments, TP was the worst at retaining texture, but HPP-TP improved texture retention. In comparison to TP alone, PATP better retained texture and color. Jicama was least influenced by the treatments as compared to products tested. Process treatments investigated degraded the textural quality of zucchini and apricot. Instrumental CI results were also in agreement with the sensory data of carrot, red radish and jicama samples.     

Influences of preharvest spraying Cryptococcus laurentii combined with postharvest chitosan coating on postharvest diseases and quality of table grapes in storage

The effects of preharvest spray with Cryptococcus laurentii combined with chitosan coating after harvest on decay and quality of table grapes during storage periods were evaluated in the present study. Preharvest spray with C. laurentii (PreA) significantly decreased decay index (DI), and postharvest chitosan coating (PCC) enhanced the effectiveness of the pre-harvest spray when fruits were stored at 0 °C. PreA combination with PCC increased the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) of fruit in storage. PreA + PCC treatment was effective in reducing weight loss of fruits by 85% at 17 d storage and 38% at 42 d storage as compared to PreA alone at the same stage. In addition, PreA enhanced the ratio of soluble solids content (SSC) to titratable acid (TA) by 12% at harvest time, 7% at 17 d storage and 25% at 42 d storage, mainly by increasing SSC and decreasing TA in fruit stored at 0 °C. These results suggested that integration of preharvest spray with C. laurentii and postharvest chitosan coating treatment may be a promising management strategy for decay control and quality maintenance of table grapes.