Green Tax Reforms and Computational Economics A Do-it-yourself Approach

The double or even triple dividend hypothesis of green tax reforms has beena major issue of dispute in both the scientific community and the politicalarena during the last decade. Theoretical analysis has provided a number ofimportant qualitative insights to the debate but lacks of actual policyrelevance due to very restrictive assumptions. Applied research that takes thestep from stylized analytical to complex numerical models usually comes as ablackbox to non-expert modelers. This paper aims at bridging the gap betweenstylized theoretical work and numerical analysis. We develop a flexible,interactive simulation model which is accessible underhttp://brw.zew.de. Users can specify their own green tax reforms andevaluate the induced economic and environmental effects. Based on illustrativesimulations, we demonstrate the usefulness of our do-it-yourself approach fora better understanding of the double (triple) dividend hypothesis.     

高压下CO在甲醇-碳酸二甲酯中的溶解度测定

利用自行建立的高压下测定气体在液体中溶解度的装置,在温度25~75℃、压力2.00~10.00MPa条件下,首次测定了CO在甲醇、碳酸二甲酯及甲醇-碳酸二甲酯混合体系中的溶解度,并用PR方程计算了CO的气相逸度,溶解度数据符合方程f=Hx。揭示了CO在甲醇、碳酸二甲酯及甲醇-碳酸二甲酯混合体系中的溶解度规律。将亨利系数和温度进行关联,关联误差很小。这表明用此关联式可预测和推算CO在这些溶剂中的溶解度。     

A constructive approach to sequential Nash equilibria

We present a Coq-formalized proof that all non-cooperative, sequential games have a Nash equilibrium point. Our proof methodology follows the style advocated by LCF-style theorem provers, i.e., it is based on inductive definitions and is computational in nature. The proof (i) uses simple computational means, only, (ii) basically is by construction, and (iii) reaches a constructively stronger conclusion than informal efforts. We believe the development is a first as far as formalized game theory goes.     

折线滑面滑体的稳定分析方法的改进

本文根据刚体极限平衡分析原理，考虑各块体的力矩平衡和块间的嵌合作用，假定作用于块体的已知外力所产生的应力呈线性分布，推导出确定其作用力数值、方向和作用点，以及整体抗滑稳定安全系数的方法和公式。并通过实用研究了嵌合作用、分界面倾角等对反力分布和安全系数的影响，与常用方法的计算结果作了比较，说明本方法有较大的适用性，可应用于工程设计。     

正庚烷-甲苯-三甘醇三元体系液-液相平衡数据的测定与关联

利用气相色谱法测定了常压下２５℃、４０℃和５０℃时正庚烷－甲苯－三甘醇体系的液－液相平衡数据，采用峰面积归一化法定量，所得数据准确、可靠。用ＮＲＴＬ模型对所测数据进行了热力学关联，求出了相应的模型参数。用该模型对本三元体系进行了预测，结果令人满意。     

Optimal Control of Solar Sludge Dryers

Optimal control (OC) methodology is used to develop a control policy for a batch-operated solar sludge dryer with ventilation as the dominant control. Batch performance criteria and instantaneous optimization criteria are developed for two economic environments: quota limited and capital limited. The general formulation, as well as simplifications resulting from the multiplicative form of the evaporation (drying) rate model, are presented. The multiplicative form results in a single constant number, called here “control intensity,” which is used to guide the on-line control decisions. These decisions turn out to be independent of the dry solids content (DSC) of the sludge. Further simplification, by assuming a strictly constant weather, is used to demonstrate the general effects of the economic and physical (weather) environment on the solution.

The OC approach is used to address, via simulation under realistic weather conditions, several design, operation, and pricing problems. In particular, the following have been considered: sizing of the ventilation fans, determination of a fair fee for sludge disposal, finding the best final DSC, and evaluating the effect of the price of electricity. Regarding the particular location represented by the data, it has been shown that the installed capacity of the ventilation fans should be increased and that there seems to be sufficient economic incentive for solar drying.     

Acidic and basic hydrolysis of poly(N‐vinylformamide)

Poly(N‐vinylformamide) (PNVF) was synthesized and hydrolyzed to poly(vinylamine) (PVAm) in both HCl and NaOH solutions. The hydrolysis kinetics and the equilibrium hydrolysis were examined experimentally at different temperatures, polymer concentrations, and acid‐ or base‐to‐amide molar ratios. The hydrolysis kinetics strongly depended on temperature, polymer, and HCl or NaOH concentrations, but showed little dependence on PNVF molecular weight. The acid hydrolysis of PNVF exhibited limited conversions because of the electrostatic repulsion among the cationic amine groups generated during hydrolysis and proton hydrates. In the basic hydrolysis, complete amide conversions were observed when the NaOH/amide molar ratios were greater than unity. The effects of temperature and PNVF concentration on the equilibrium amide conversion appeared to be negligible in both acidic and basic hydrolysis. The equilibrium conversions of base hydrolysis were higher than those of acidic hydrolysis under the same reaction conditions. At NaOH/amide ratios of less than unity, the equilibrium hydrolysis experiments revealed that one base molecule could induce the hydrolysis of more than one amide group. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3412–3419, 2002     

碱-碳酸盐反应热力学讨论

应用热力学方法探讨了温度对碱 碳酸盐反应的影响 ,反应温度升高时 ,反应的推动力减弱。对碱与碳酸盐发生反应生成沉淀时所需碱的浓度以及温度的影响进行了讨论。 2 98K ,pH≥ 10 .6时 ,碱 碳酸盐反应能发生 ,反应温度升高 ,碱 碳酸盐反应所需碱的浓度相应增大。对氢氧化锂与碳酸盐反应可能生成碳酸锂沉淀时溶液的碱的浓度作了计算 ,2 98K ,pH≥ 13.1时 ,氢氧化锂与碳酸盐反应除生成水镁石和方解石外还能生成碳酸锂沉淀 ,反应温度升高时 ,反应生成碳酸锂沉淀所需碱的浓度变化不大     

Comparisons of Urban Travel Forecasts Prepared with the Sequential Procedure and a Combined Model

Detailed analyses and comparisons of urban travel forecasts prepared by applying the state-of-practice sequential procedure and the solution of a combined network equilibrium model are presented. The sequential procedure for solving the trip distribution, mode choice and assignment problems with feedback is the current practice in most transportation planning agencies, although its important limitations are well known. The solution of a combined model, in contrast, results from a single mathematical formulation, which ensures a well-converged and consistent result. Using a real network, several methods for solving the sequential procedure with feedback are compared to the solution of the combined model ESTRAUS. The results of these methods are shown to have various levels of instability. The paper concludes with a call for a new paradigm of travel forecasting practice based on an internally consistent model formulation that can be solved to a level of precision suitable for comparing alternative scenarios.     

理性密钥共享的扩展博弈模型

理性密钥共享体制通过引入惩罚策略使得参与者不会偏离协议,常采用的惩罚是一旦发现有人偏离就立即终止协议.这种惩罚策略有时导致惩罚人自身利益严格受损,从而降低了对被惩罚人的威慑.为了克服这一弱点,本文以扩展博弈为模型分析了理性密钥共享体制.首先给出(2,2)门限的理性密钥共享体制,证明了所给的协议是该博弈的一个序贯均衡,即经过任何历史之后坚持原协议仍然是每一个参与者的最优选择.特别地,在发现有人偏离后,协议所给出的惩罚策略既可以有效惩罚偏离者又能够完全维护惩罚人的利益.这是本文对前人设计的理性密钥共享体制的一个重要改进.然后针对将协议扩展到(t,n)门限情形,实现密钥分发人离线,达到计算的均衡等相关问题给出了一般的解决方案.