冶金工业管道失效案例分析及预防对策

列举了几个压力管道失效案例.通过取样进行化学成分、宏观形貌、金相及微观形貌分析发现,管件的制造缺陷、安装时遗留的焊接超标缺陷以及管道运行过程中过大的应力载荷或异常振动,都是导致管道失效的原因.消除管件的制造缺陷和焊接超标缺陷、消除管道运行中过大的应力载荷和异常振动,是解决管道失效的有效办法.     

涂层外观出现质量缺陷的影响因素及对策

介绍了涂料在涂装过程中出现的问题,分析其产生的主要原因,有针对性地指出其影响因素并制定相应的对策,以供质量控制部门和操作人员参考,在以后的工作和生产中减少和预防涂层外观出现质量缺陷。     

Determinations of Ce solid solution mechanism and limit thermal conductivity of YTaO4 ceramics

x mol% CeO₂-YTaO₄ (x = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12) ceramics have been synthesized by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. We focus on the changes in lattice distortion, bonding length, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, and phase stability of the prepared samples. XRD, Raman, and XPS are used to determine the chemical valence and solid solution mechanism of Ce in the lattice of YTaO₄, while its effects on thermal/mechanical properties are elucidated from microstructures. Y³⁺ is substituted via Ce³⁺, and all samples maintain a monoclinic phase. The limit thermal conductivity (1.2 W?m^?1?K^?1, 900 °C) is realized in 9 mol% CeO₂-YTaO₄, and the thermal expansion coefficients are increased to 10.2 × 10^?6 K^?1 at 1200 °C. Furthermore, the exceptional phase stability and mechanical properties of all samples indicate that they can provide good thermal insulation at high temperatures, and have higher working temperatures than the current YSZ thermal barrier coatings.     

刚玉瓷指痕缺陷的研究

本文采用两种不同Al2O3粉为原料，结合Al2O3预烧与材料的生产工艺，对刚玉瓷的指痕缺陷及其对材料性能的影响进行了研究。结果发现：Al2O3粉预烧温度不匀时，部分颗粒（γ-Al2O3）周边存在层错缺陷，激活能的存在，人体中颗粒粘连（团聚）；该团聚体在坯体及烧结体中的残留直接引起烧结体中的结构缺陷，由Al2O3预烧温度高且均匀的粉体制备材料，才能获得具有优良性能的刚玉体。     

Application of an Ion-Packing Model Based on Defect Clusters to Zirconia Solid Solutions: I, Modeling and Local Structure of Solid Solutions

Oxygen vacancies can be introduced into zirconia solid solution ZrO₂–MO _u ( u = 1 and 1.5) to maintain electroneutrality. Recently, the local structures around Zr⁴⁺ and M^{2 u +} ions in ZrO₂–MO _u solid solutions have been studied through EXAFS spectroscopy, diffuse scattering analysis, and single-crystal structure analysis. The present study constructs an ion-packing model for zirconia solid solutions based on some defect cluster models. The decrease of cell volume with the occurrence of vacancies is assumed to be expressed by decreasing the coordination number (CN) of cations around the vacancy. The distribution of CNs in a solid solution was calculated from a certain defect cluster model. The average interatomic distances, the average CN, and the short-range order parameters were calculated using this distribution of CNs. The local structures calculated from the model were compared with experimental data in the systems ZrO₂–MO_1.5 (M = Y, Gd, Yb, and Ca). In the ZrO₂–YO_1.5 system, the r (s–O) interatomic distance, where s represents Zr⁴⁺ or Y³⁺ and O represents O²⁻, decreased with Y content and therefore vacancy content. The probability of finding Y³⁺ around a vacancy increases with increasing yttria content from a comparison of the calculated results with the ones from recent EXAFS studies. The present model can qualitatively explain compositional and size dependences of the dopant on various local structures.     

MATERIAL RESPONSE-BASED KILN CONTROL SYSTEM

The origin of material response (changing shrinkage rates) during drying is changing stress levels within the lumber as was determined in a previous paper. The object of this research was to demonstrate that a kiln control system based on material response parameters can reduce the drying time while incurring no additional drying defects. One control run and two pilot runs were performed. The results showed that it is possible to advance the kiln schedule using only material response as the controlling parameter and maintain or improve the quality of the lumber. Accelerating the drying substantially reduced the residual stress levels in the final product.     

浅谈电泳涂膜弊病的防治措施是

介绍了阴极电泳涂膜弊病、影响因素和防治措施     

Defects in axisymmetrically drawn bars caused by longitudinal superficial imperfections in the initial material

Metallic wires and bars are produced by axisymmetric drawing of hot rolled material and must not display surface defects that impair their service use or whose opening during subsequent cold forming is unacceptable. Experimental and numerical (Finite Element Analysis - FEA) analyses of the evolution of longitudinal superficial defects in copper bars during seven successive axisymmetric drawing passes are presented. The initial experimental defects displayed a rectangular cross-section, 1 mm wide and 0.3, 0.6 or 0.9 mm deep; the two latter evolved after drawing into the “inverted Y” defect already reported in the literature, but the former led to a newly reported “double V” defect. There was a good agreement between the results from experiments and FEA and further analyses were then carried only through FEA, covering two other materials (a carbon steel and aluminum), a decrease in the defect width (from 1.0 to 0.5 mm) and an inclination of 15° or 30° of the walls of the 1.0 mm wide rectangular defect. The defect evolution was similar for the three materials; the decrease in the defect width enhanced the incidence of “inverted Y” defects, and indicated the formation of newly reported “Radial” and “Inverted V” defects. The inclination of the defect walls led to the possibility of a change from the “inverted Y” defect to a “double V” one. Defects 0.3 mm deep and with walls at 30° were eliminated by the present drawing sequence. A novel approach for the prediction of the effect of the initial superficial imperfections on the final drawn stock, through the so called “defect evolution maps” is presented.     

镶嵌活塞Alfin粘结层失效机理及质量提高研究

通过改变铸铁圈的化学成分,使铸铁镶圈与活塞本体的硅铝合金膨胀性能基本相近,最大限度地降低了Alfin粘结层的热膨胀应力:同时优化模具结构和浇注工艺.使镶圈在模具型腔内准确迅速定位、快速合模及铝液快速覆盖镶圈,降低了镶圈表面扩散层的氧化程度,提高了Alfin粘结层质量,从而延长了镶圈活塞的使用寿命.     

12CrMoV钢焊接缺陷分析

观察电厂12CrMoV钢管母材、熔合区、焊缝和热影响区等位置的金相组织,测试12CrMoV钢管母材的屈服强度、抗拉强度和伸长率,分析管道出现裂纹、引起泄漏的原因。结果表明:母材拉伸试验值(R_(eL)、R_m、A)均满足标准要求(12CrMoV/GB5310);沿断口侧焊接接头整个熔合区分布着大量密集氢气孔(夹杂),降低了焊接接头的机械性能,同时产生应力集中,在外部应力(蒸汽压力、管道振动等)的作用下致使焊缝开裂、泄漏。并针对上述问题提出了改进的方法。