Assessment of Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine efficacy in a co-infection challenge model with QX-like infectious bronchitis virus

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is the primary cause of chronic respiratory disease in poultry. We investigated the protective efficacy of the live-attenuated ts-11 and 6/85 MG vaccines against a local MG strain and, in order to enhance signs and mimic a typical field situation, we co-infected birds with a virulent strain of QX-like infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Both vaccines showed similar ability to protect infected chickens from clinical signs, although ts-11 performed slightly better. Despite the lower protection against clinical disease, 6/85-vaccinated birds had significantly (P?≤?0.05) lower tracheal lesion scores and mucosal thickness at day 28 post-vaccination (7 days post-challenge [dpc] with MG, 2 dpc IBV) and day 31 post-vaccination (10 dpc MG challenge, 5 dpc IBV) compared to ts-11 vaccinated birds, but these difference was not significant at day 33 (12 dpc MG, 7 dpc IBV). Pathogen infection and replication was assessed by qPCR, and the 6/85 vaccine produced a more significant (P?≤?0.05) reduction in MG replication in the lungs, kidneys and livers but enhanced late replication in bursae and caecal tonsils. In contrast, the ts-11 vaccine had a more pronounced reductive effect on replication in tracheas, air sacs, bursae and heart at days 28 and 31, yet increased replication in lungs. Interestingly, both vaccines provided non-specific protection against IBV challenge. The co-challenge model provided useful data on vaccine efficacy, especially on days 31 and 33, and tracheas, lungs, air sacs, kidneys, liver and caecal tonsils were the best organs to assess.     

Repenser le handicap : leçons du passé, questions pour l’avenir. Apports et limites du modèle social,de la sociologie des sciences et des techniques,de l’éthique du care

In this article, I analyze one evolution in disability research over the past 30 years: the shift from an individual to a social approach to disability. While most disability research has currently “socialized” disability or at the least situates disabled people within a social context, not all do so in the same way nor based on the same assumptions. They lead to different concepts of the person and society and different concepts of disability and normalcy. I analyze this evolution by looking at three approaches to disability: the social model, the approach taken in the sociology of science and technology, and the ethics of care. I show how each, by renewing the analysis of disability, has brought about changes for disabled people and transformed ways of “living together” and “making society”. I also show the limits of these approaches and propose lines of thought for the continuation of our research, notably around the question of autonomy. I propose that we rethink autonomy from the standpoint of the notion of “recalcitrance”.     

Hippocampal BOLD response during category learning predicts subsequent performance on transfer generalization

To test a prediction of our previous computational model of cortico‐hippocampal interaction (Gluck and Myers [1993, 2001]) for characterizing individual differences in category learning, we studied young healthy subjects using an fMRI‐adapted category‐learning task that has two phases, an initial phase in which associations are learned through trial‐and‐error feedback followed by a generalization phase in which previously learned rules can be applied to novel associations (Myers et al. [2003]). As expected by our model, we found a negative correlation between learning‐related hippocampal responses and accuracy during transfer, demonstrating that hippocampal adaptation during learning is associated with better behavioral scores during transfer generalization. In addition, we found an inverse relationship between Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) activity in the striatum and that in the hippocampal formation and the orbitofrontal cortex during the initial learning phase. Conversely, activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex and parietal lobes dominated over that of the hippocampal formation during the generalization phase. These findings provide evidence in support of theories of the neural substrates of category learning which argue that the hippocampal region plays a critical role during learning for appropriately encoding and representing newly learned information so that that this learning can be successfully applied and generalized to subsequent novel task demands. Hum Brain Mapp 35:3122–3131, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc .     

The Possibility of Using the ICR Mouse as an Animal Model to Assess Antimonkeypox Drug Efficacy

As a result of the conducted experimental studies on intranasal challenge of ICR mice, rabbits and miniature pigs (even in the maximum variant) with the doses of 4.0–5.5 lg PFU of monkeypox virus (MPXV), some clinical signs such as purulent conjunctivitis, blepharitis and ruffled fur were found only in mice. The 50% infective dose (_CID₅₀) of MPXV for these animals estimated by the presence of external clinical signs was 4.8 lg PFU, and _LID₅₀ estimated by the virus presence in the lungs of mice 7 days post‐infection taking into account its 10% application in the animal respiratory tract was 1.4 lg PFU. When studying the dynamics of MPXV propagation in mice challenged intranasally with 25 _LID₅₀ of MPXV, the maximum pathogen accumulation was revealed in nasal cavity, lungs and brain: 5.7 ± 0.1, 5.5 ± 0.1 and 5.3 ± 0.3 lg PFU/ml, respectively. The pathomorphological examination of these animals revealed the presence and replication of the pathogen in the traditional primary target cells for MPXV (mononuclear phagocyte system cells and respiratory tract epitheliocytes) as well as in some other types of cells (endothelial cells, reticular cells, connective tissue cells). Our use of these animals to assess the antiviral efficacy of some drugs demonstrated the agreement of the results (a significant positive effect of NIOCH‐14 and ST‐246) with those described in scientific literature, which opens up the prospects of using ICR mice as animal models for monkeypox to develop preventive antismallpox drugs.     

乳腺癌复发因素预测模型构建

构建乳腺癌复发因素预测模型,分析最优化算法以及乳腺癌复发特征参数并对相关问题进行探讨,包括随机对照试验应用情况、再复发重要因素以及预测模型算法确定、C5.0算法比较研究等。     

子宫内膜异位症动物模型研究新进展

为更好的把动物模型应用于子宫内膜异位症的病因、发病机制及治疗等方面的研究，本文将对子宫内膜异位症实验动物的选择、传统动物模型、新型特殊动物模型的构建方法及优缺点进行综述，以期为子宫内膜异位症疾病动物模型的研究提供参考。     

状态空间模型在流行性腮腺炎防控评价中的应用

目的 分析2012年和2014年流行性腮腺炎（腮腺炎）流行特征，探讨山东省2剂次含腮腺炎成分疫苗（MuCV）接种的预防效果。方法 在一定模型假定基础上，结合相关文献设置合理参数，构建状态空间模型，利用迭代滤波对模型进行参数估计。结果 2012年和2014年托幼及学生人群基础再生数（R₀）分别为4.49（95%CI：4.30~4.67）和2.50（95%CI：2.38~2.61）。结论 状态空间模型能够很好地描述腮腺炎传播过程；山东省实行2剂MuCV能够有效降低腮腺炎在人群中的传播；托幼和学生是实现腮腺炎进一步控制的重要人群，应进一步提高2剂次MuCV接种率。