Diabetes mellitus as a contributory factor in oral candidosis.

It has been reported that poor glycaemic control predisposes to oral candidal infection in diabetic patients. For instance, the carriage of Candida species and the density of candidal growth in the oral cavity is frequently claimed to be increased in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, the validity of these observations remains controversial. Hence, we review and discuss here the clinical data in the literature on the relationship between diabetes and oral candidal carriage and infection, and possible mechanisms associated with its pathogenicity.     

2型糖尿病患者卒中一级预防的现况调查

目的 了解2型糖尿病患者住院前及住院期间卒中各危险因素的干预状况，发现临床实践与证据之间的差距，提高临床医生对卒中一级预防的认识，指导今后的临床治疗。方法 本调查为横断面调查研究，回顾性调查167例2型糖尿病患者住院前及住院期间对卒中主要危险因素的干预情况。结果 被调查的患者中，入院前有46.7%的患者有高血压；36.0％的患者有吸烟史；19.8％的患者存在冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病，0.6％的患者有心房颤动；23.4％的患者有脂代谢异常。出院前有56.9％的患者被诊断高血压；81.4％的患者存在脂代谢异常。入院前与出院前对血压的药物干预率差异无统计学意义（分别为75.6%及80.0%，P >0.05）；入院前后的降脂治疗（分别为25.6%及69.1%，P <0.01）及降糖治疗（分别为82.0%及97.6%，P <0.01）的差异均有统计学意义。结论 2型糖尿病患者院前对危险因素干预的达标率较低，应加强2型糖尿病患者及临床医生对卒中一级预防的认识，提高卒中卒中相关危险因素的干预率。     

Adipose tissue and liver lipid metabolism in obese children: role of the body mass index and the presence of acanthosis nigricans.

AIMS: The aims of our study were to determine if insulin resistance is associated with increased plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), glycerol, 3-hydroxybutyrate and triglycerides in obese children. We also studied whether the presence of acanthosis nigricans (AN) led to further alterations in the above parameters. METHODS: A total of 101 children were studied on their first visit to the paediatric endocrine clinic. Seventy-four were obese, 30 of them with AN. The remaining 27 were non-obese healthy children (control group). NEFAs, glycerol, triglycerides, 3-hydroxybutyrate, insulin, leptin, adiponectin and glucose were determined in blood samples obtained after overnight fasting. The insulin resistance index (IRI) was calculated following the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Data from the three groups were compared using appropriate statistical tests. RESULTS: No differences in age, sex ratio and pubertal stage were observed among the three groups. The group of children with the highest body mass index (BMI) showed higher plasma levels of insulin and leptin, higher IRI and lower plasma levels of adiponectin. As insulin and IRI increased, NEFA and 3-hydroxybutyrate decreased and triglycerides increased. When obese children were categorized by BMI, the presence of AN further exacerbated these differences. CONCLUSIONS: In obese children, insulin resistance is associated with plasma lipid alterations suggestive of both decreased adipose tissue lipolysis and hepatic beta-oxidation and increased hepatic synthesis of triglycerides. Such a metabolic condition may facilitate fat storage and hinder weight loss.     

围术期糖尿病与心血管病相关性研究及处理进展

糖尿病是心血管病重要的独立高危因素。糖尿病增加心肌缺血损伤的危险性，引起心肌本身和心肌内小血管病变，抑制心肌缺血预处理的作用。现就糖尿病对心血管病的影响及糖尿病病人围术期的处理进展作一综述。     

糖尿病对血管吻合口愈合规律影响的初步研究

目的研究糖尿病状态下血管吻合口愈合规律的特点及影响因素。方法将8周病程的糖尿病组和对照组SD大鼠各20只的双侧颈总动脉切断后行间断缝合,于吻合术后1d、3d、7d、14d分别取材,观察其通畅情况,并对血管吻合口行组织学、超微结构观察和图像分析。同时,各时间点检测血清TNF-α浓度变化。结果对照组吻合口血管内膜损伤小,管壁各层次结构清晰,炎症反应轻;糖尿病组血管内膜损伤重,管壁各层次结构紊乱,有断裂痕迹,管壁周围肉芽组织增生明显。吻合术后7d糖尿病组吻合口血管内膜平均再内皮化明显延迟(3745.18±1045.31μm2比1298.21±224.66μm2,p<0.01);吻合术后14d,糖尿病组血管吻合口内膜增生明显,I/M值达0.71±0.05。与对照组比较,血清TNFα浓度显著增加(术后7d:5.48±0.34ng/ml比0.73±0.09ng/ml,p<0.05;术后14d:5.15±0.12ng/ml比0.51±0.03ng/ml,p<0.05),血清TNF-α浓度与血管吻合口部位内膜增生程度呈正相关。结论糖尿病改变了血管吻合口正常的愈合规律,使正常的吻合口愈合过程转变为慢性炎性、纤维增殖过程,血管吻合口部位的重塑呈现病理性,其中TNF-α在糖尿病血管吻合口重塑过程中发挥了核心作用。     

荞麦花叶黄酮对2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗及肝组织PTP1B的影响

目的:探讨荞麦花叶黄酮(FBFL)对2型糖尿病大鼠降血糖、改善胰岛素抵抗的作用及其机制.方法:雄性健康Wistar大鼠70只,随机抽取10只作为正常对照组,其余60只大鼠每天灌胃脂肪乳,第14天开始腹腔注射小剂量四氧嘧啶,隔日1次,共3次,同时继续灌胃脂肪乳.末次腹腔注射四氧嘧啶72 h后,用血糖仪测定空腹血糖和用K_(IPT)值判定胰岛素抵抗性.K_(IPT)＜正常组的60%作为2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗大鼠.将成模大鼠随机分为模型组,阳性药物组,FBFL低、中、高剂量组,连续4周.末次给药后禁食,用血糖仪测空腹血糖(FBG),用正糖钳技术判定胰岛素抵抗性,用生化分析仪测定游离脂肪酸(FFA),放免法测定血浆胰岛素(INS),免疫组织化学法检测肝组织蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B(PTP1B)表达.结果:与正常组比较,模型组大鼠FBG,INS,FFA含量明显升高(P＜0.135,P＜0.01);大鼠葡萄糖输注速率(GIR)明显下降;肝组织PTP1B表达增加.各剂量FBFL能不同程度的改善上述指标的变化,明显改善胰岛素抵抗性,增加胰岛素敏感性,使肝组织PTP1B表达下调,并呈一定剂量依赖性.结论:FBFL对四氧嘧啶加脂肪乳所致2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗具有明显的改善作用,并呈一定剂量依赖性.     

Intravenous cyclophosphamide is the drug of choice for steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome

BACKGROUND: Steroid dependency is a major problem seen after therapy for idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in childhood. Although there is consensus about the usage of cyclophosphamide (CYC) in frequent relapsers, there is still a controversy concerning its usage in steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS). METHODS: In the present study, nineteen children with SDNS were treated with CYC: ten via the intravenous (i.v.) route, and nine via the oral route. Remission was then maintained with prednisolone. Oral CYC therapy consisted of CYC at a dose of 2 mg/kg per day for 12 weeks. Intravenous (i.v.) CYC therapy consisted of CYC 500 mg/m2 per month (with intravenous 3500 cc/m2 per 24 h one-third saline hydration) for 6 months. RESULTS: The cumulative dose of CYC was 168 mg/kg in the oral group and 132 mg/kg in the IV group. Daily oral CYC dose was 1.96~0.31 mg/kg, whereas i.v. CYC dose was 0.73~0.03 mg/kg. Long-term complications and side-effects such as alopecia, infection and hemorrhagic cystitis were not observed in the i.v. CYC treated group. In the long term, the dosage of prednisolone that held remission after CYC, the annualized relapse rates and the subsequent relapse time were significantly better in the i.v. CYC group, and the number of patients in remission for 2 years was significantly higher in the i.v. treated group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In SDNS, i.v. CYC has a long lasting effect with lower annualized relapse rates and longer subsequent relapse time with a lower steroid dosage required to maintain remission than oral CYC. The results of the present study showed the safety of the i.v. route, and it is the preferable treatment in noncompliant patients for its long lasting remission and simple and inexpensive follow up.     

Electrophysiological evaluation in 4 patients with diabetic pseudotabes

BACKGROUND: Researches on diabetic nervous system lesion are mainly focus on peripheral nerve and vegetative nerve, so there are few investigations on diabetic pseudotabes. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the electrophysiological examinations on the diagnosis of diabetic pseudotabes. DESIGN: Case study. SETTING: Department of Electrophysiology and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 4 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, including 3 males and 1 female aged from 50 to 72 years, were selected from Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University from March 2002 to February 2005. All accepted subjects met the modified diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus, which was set by American Diabetes Mellitus Association (ADA) in 1997. Otherwise, the subjects had typical symptoms and physical signs of spinal posterior funiculus damage. However, patients with spinal cord lesion which was caused by other factors were excluded. All accepted subjects provided the confirmed consent. METHODS: Nicolet NT electromyography (EMG)/evoked potential meter (made in the USA) was used to detect spinal cord conduction velocity (SCCV), somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) of lower limbs, motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) and sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) of extremities. Determining criteria: Measurements were performed based on the laboratory standards. SCCV, which was less than lower limit of normal value (T2–12: 40–55 m/s, T12–L4: 20–41 m/s, T2–L4: 36–45 m/s), was regarded as abnormal. SEP value of lower limbs: P40, P60 and PF, which were more than standard deviation of normal value (x(—)+2.5), were regarded as the abnormality. Normal value of P40, P60 and PF latencies (x(—)±s) in this study: P40, P60 and PF in males were (37.6±1.9) ms, (59.8±3.9) ms and (7.6±0.9) ms, respectively; meanwhile, those in females were (35.5±1.7) ms, (55.2±2.7) ms and (6.3±0.7) ms, respectively. MNCV and SNCV, which were less than 50 m/s in upper limbs and 40 m/s in lower limbs, were regarded as the abnormality. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Electrophysiological examinations. RESULTS: All 4 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were involved in the final analysis. ① SCCV: Among 4 patients, SCCV of three patients was decreased in T2–12, T12–L4 and T2–L4, and that of the other one was decreased in T2–12 and T2–L4; however, SCCV in T12–L4 was normal. There was significant difference as compared with normal value (P < 0.01). ② SEP of lower limbs: SEP values of lower limbs were abnormal in all 4 patients. Among them, P40, P60 and PF latencies of two patients were delayed; P40 of one patient was delayed and PF was not drained out; P40 and P60 of the last one were delayed and PF was normal. ③ MNCV and SNCV: The MNCV and SNCV were normal in one patient and abnormal in three patients. The results demonstrated that MNCV and SNCV of extremities decreased; especially, sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) of both lower extremities of one patient were not drained out. CONCLUSION: Detections of SCCV, SEP of lower limbs, MNCV and SNCV of extremities are helpful to investigate whether peripheral nerve and deep sensory passage are damaged or not and determine whether deep sensory damage is caused by peripheral nerve and spinal posterior funiculus.     

Diabetes mellitus, hypertension and medial temporal lobe atrophy: the LADIS study.

HYPOTHESIS: Based on recent findings on the association between vascular risk factors and hippocampal atrophy, we hypothesized that hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM) are associated with medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) in subjects without disability, independent of the severity of white matter hyperintensities. METHODS: In the Leukoaraiosis And DISability in the elderly (LADIS) study, we investigated the relationships between DM, hypertension, blood pressure and MTA in 582 subjects, stratified by white matter hyperintensity severity, using multinomial logistic regression. MTA was visually scored for the left and right medial temporal lobe (score 0-4), and meaned. RESULTS: Mean age was 73.5 years (sd 5.1), 54% was female. Of the subjects, 15% had DM, and 70% had a history of hypertension. The likelihood of having MTA score 3 was significantly higher in subjects with DM (OR 2.9; 95% CI: 1.1-7.8) compared with an MTA score of 0 (no atrophy). The odds ratio for MTA score 2 was not significantly increased (OR 1.8; CI: 0.9-4). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and a history of hypertension were not associated with MTA. There was no interaction between DM and hypertension. Stratification on white matter hyperintensities (WMH) did not alter the associations. CONCLUSION: Our study strengthens the observation that MTA is associated with DM, independently of the amount of small vessel disease as reflected by WMH.     

仙人掌粉对糖尿病大鼠血糖的影响

目的　研究仙人掌对糖尿病血糖的影响。方法　采用四氧嘧啶造成大鼠实验性糖尿病模型 ,然后将高、中、低 3种剂量的仙人掌粉加入到基础饲料中进行实验观察。结果　仙人掌粉高 (10g kg·d)、中 (5 .0g kg·d)剂量组均可显著降低糖尿病大鼠空腹血糖 ,并且高剂量组具有显著改善糖尿病大鼠尿量增加的作用。各剂量组对正常大鼠血糖无明显影响。结论　仙人掌粉能有效降低四氧嘧啶所导致的糖尿病大鼠的血糖、尿量