人血浆中罗红霉素的HPLC-MS测定及生物等效性研究

目的建立人血浆中罗红霉素的HPLC-MS测定方法,研究罗红霉素胶囊的生物等效性.方法采用双交叉实验设计,血样用乙腈沉淀后直接测定,根据血药浓度-时间数据计算药动学参数,估算相对生物利用度,采用双单侧t检验判断其生物等效性.结果两种罗红霉素制剂的t1/2分别为(13.18±2.01)h和(13.31±2.45)h,tmax分别为(1.8±1.2)h和(2.2±1.1)h,cmax分别为(6.14±1.76)μg·mL-1和(6.47±2.42)μg·mL-1,AUC0～72h分别为(71.81±28.40)μg·h·mL-1和(73.12±31.77)μg·h·mL-1,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(100.6±11.4)%.结论本实验建立的方法灵敏、准确、简便,统计学结果表明两种制剂生物等效.     

复方单硝酸异山梨醇酯缓释片人体生物等效性研究

目的 :评价试验制剂复方单硝酸异山梨醇酯缓释片 (T)与参比制剂单硝酸异山梨醇酯缓释片和阿司匹林肠溶片 (R)的生物等效性 ,以及缓释制剂释放特点、稳态血浓度和波动度。方法 :采用高效液相色谱法分别测定单剂和多剂交叉给药单硝酸异山梨醇酯和阿司匹林代谢物水杨酸经时血浓度 ,计算药物动力学参数 ,并进行方差分析和双单侧t检验。结果 :单剂给药试验制剂和参比制剂单硝酸异山梨醇酯半衰期 (t1 2 )分别为 8.3± 0 .6、8.2± 0 .6h ,血浓度峰值 (Cmax)分别为 0 .5 1± 0 .0 9、 0 .5 3±0 .0 9mg·L-1,达峰时间 (tmax)分别为 4 .8± 0 .4、4 .6± 0 .3h ,药时曲线下面积 (AUC0 -t)分别为 4 .90±0 .6 1、5 .2± 0 .8mg·h-1·L-1,相对生物利用度 (F)为(96 .1± 10 .8) % ;试验制剂和参比制剂阿司匹林代谢物水杨酸t1 2 分别为 2 .4± 0 .3、2 .5± 0 .3h ,Cmax分别为 3.4± 0 .5、3.0± 0 .4mg·L-1,tmax分别为 1.7±0 .2h和 4 .9± 0 .3h ,AUC0 -t分别为 13.4± 2 .5和13.0± 2 .5mg·h-1·L-1,以水杨酸计阿司匹林F为(10 3.6± 9.6 ) %。多剂给药试验制剂和参比制剂单硝酸异山梨醇酯Cmax 分别为 0 .6 8± 0 .14、0 .6 7±0 .13mg·L-1,Cmin 分别为 0 .17± 0 .0 3、 0 .17±0 .0 4mg·L-1,波动系数 (DF)     

头孢克肟片人体药代动力学和生物等效性研究

目的研究头孢克肟供试制剂和参比制剂的药代动力学和人体生物等效性。方法用HPLC法测定18名健康受试者随机交叉口服200mg头孢克肟后血药浓度,用3P97进行最佳模型拟合,并计算药代动力学参数。结果不同时间药物在血清中的浓度符合2室模型,计算所得的供试制剂和参比制剂之间的主要药代动力学参数如下:Cmax为2.56±0.69,2.32±0.63 mg·L-1;tmax为3.17±0.66,3.5±0.62h,;tl/2β为3.15±0.49,3.31±0.51 h;AUC0-∞为19.91±5.18,19.09±5.36 mg·h.L-1;供试制剂对参比制剂的生物利用度为(106.22±1 8.48)％。结论供试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

国产与进口托烷司琼胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的:评价国产和进口托烷司琼胶囊的生物等效性。方法:采用双周期两制剂交叉试验设计,用LC-MS/MS法对国产和进口托烷司琼胶囊在20名中国健康男性受试者中的血药浓度进行测定。药动学参数用ANOVA处理。结果:国产与进口托烷司琼胶囊的AUC0-→t分别为:(543.61±415.55),(547.04±455.59)μg·h·L-1;AUC0→∞分别为(573.30±439.11),(591.77±513.15)μg·h·L-1;cmax为分别(39.13±14.45),(37.44±14.30)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(1.61±0.71),(1.85±0.79)h;T1／2分别为(9.69±4.81),(9.77±5.51)h。国产托烷司琼胶囊的相对生物利用度为(106.47±24.07)％(n=20)。2组参数cmax,AUC0→t经对数转换后,行方差分析和双单侧t检验,均未见统计学意义。结论:托烷司琼国产的制剂与进口制剂具有生物等效性。     

丙泊酚脂肪乳注射液生物等效性研究实施和管理的专家共识

丙泊酚脂肪乳注射液是临床上广泛使用的静脉用麻醉药。近年来国内丙泊酚临床需求不断增加,丙泊酚生物等效性研究数量持续攀升,然而其设计、实施、管理尚缺乏共识和指南。本专家组共同研讨,达成此共识,旨在为国内开展丙泊酚生物等效性研究提供参考和指导。     

ON STATISTICAL POWER FOR AVERAGE BIOEQUIVALENCE TESTING UNDER REPLICATED CROSSOVER DESIGNS

In its recent guidance on bioequivalence, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends a two-sequence, four-period (2×4)replicated crossover design be used for assessment of population and individual bioequivalence [FDA. Guidance for Industry on Statistical Approaches to Establishing Bioequivalence; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration: Rockville, MD, 2001]. The recommended replicated crossover design not only allows estimates of both the inter-subject and the intra-subject variabilities and the variability due to subject-by-formulation interaction, but also provides an assessment of average bioequivalence (ABE). In this article, power function for assessment of ABE under a general replicated crossover design (i.e., a 2×2mreplicated crossover design) based on the traditional analysis of variance model and the mixed effects model as suggested by the FDA are studied. It is found that the power of a 2×2mreplicated crossover design depends upon the variability due to subject-by-formulation interaction and the number of replicates. Based on the derived power function, formula for sample size calculation for assessment of ABE under a 2×2mreplicated crossover design is also provided.     

Extension to the use of tolerance intervals for the assessment of individual bioequivalence

For the determination of bioequivalence, researchers have recently shifted their emphasis from average bioequivalence alone to average and individual bioequivalence. Existing methods for assessing average bioequivalence were first developed for the standard 2 × 2 crossover design, but these methods are easily generalized to the two-treatment, ρ-period crossover designs (e.g., TRR, RTT, and TTRR, RRTT, TRRT, RTTR). With respect to individual bioequivalence, Westlake (1,2) implemented the use of parametric and distribution-free tolerance intervals for assessing individual bioequivalence. Anderson and Hauck (3) described what they call the test of individual equivalence ratios (TIER) for the same purpose. Note that these methods have been applied and/or developed only for the standard 2 × 2 crossover design. The present work extends the method of using parametric tolerance intervals for assessing individual bioequivalence.     

Bioequivalence and Food Effect of Dapagliflozin/Saxagliptin/Metformin Extended-release Fixed-combination Drug Products Compared With Coadministration of the Individual Components in Healthy Subjects

PurposeFixed-combination drug products (FCDPs) for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may show efficacy comparable to their individual components (ICs) while improving adherence to treatment. This study evaluated the bioequivalence and safety of 2 dapagliflozin/saxagliptin/metformin extended-release (XR) FCDPs relative to their ICs: saxagliptin and dapagliflozin/metformin XR.MethodsThis randomized, open-label, single-dose, single-center crossover study was conducted in 84 healthy subjects aged 18–55 years. The primary objective was to evaluate the fed-state bioequivalence of a dapagliflozin 5-mg/saxagliptin 2.5-mg/metformin 1000-mg XR FCDP and a dapagliflozin 10-mg/saxagliptin 5-mg/metformin 1000-mg XR FCDP relative to the ICs. Secondary objectives included the evaluation of the effect of food on the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of saxagliptin, dapagliflozin, and metformin in both FCDPs and characterization of the PK parameters of the active metabolite of saxagliptin, 5-hydroxy saxagliptin, in healthy subjects. PK parameters (AUC_0–∞, AUC_0–t, and C_max) were used to assess the bioequivalence of the 2 FCDPs with their ICs. The C_max and AUC_0–t of the study drugs were compared between female and male subjects to assess sex differences in exposure. Safety and tolerability of both FCDPs and ICs were also assessed with adverse events, vital signs (systolic and diastolic blood pressures and pulse rate), 12-lead ECG, physical examinations, and laboratory assessments.FindingsBoth dapagliflozin/saxagliptin/metformin XR FCDPs were bioequivalent to their ICs. For the dapagliflozin 5-mg/saxagliptin 2.5-mg/metformin 1000-mg XR FCDP, the 90% CI for the geometric mean ratio of dapagliflozin C_max was slightly above the 80%–125% bioequivalence limit, which is unlikely to be clinically relevant. Food delayed the absorption of the study drugs in both FCDPs, which is unlikely to have a clinically relevant impact on efficacy. In both cohorts, exposure was higher in female subjects compared with male subjects, potentially due to the lower body weight of the female subjects. The safety profile and tolerability of the FCDPs were similar to those of their ICs, and no deaths or serious adverse events were reported.ImplicationsThese data support the use of the dapagliflozin/saxagliptin/metformin XR FCDP in patients with T2DM. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03169959.     

In vitro and in vivo correlation for lipid-based formulations: Current status and future perspectives

Lipid-based formulations (LBFs) have demonstrated a great potential in enhancing the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, construction of in vitro and in vivo correlations (IVIVCs) for LBFs is quite challenging, owing to a complex in vivo processing of these formulations. In this paper, we start with a brief introduction on the gastrointestinal digestion of lipid/LBFs and its relation to enhanced oral drug absorption; based on the concept of IVIVCs, the current status of in vitro models to establish IVIVCs for LBFs is reviewed, while future perspectives in this field are discussed. In vitro tests, which facilitate the understanding and prediction of the in vivo performance of solid dosage forms, frequently fail to mimic the in vivo processing of LBFs, leading to inconsistent results. In vitro digestion models, which more closely simulate gastrointestinal physiology, are a more promising option. Despite some successes in IVIVC modeling, the accuracy and consistency of these models are yet to be validated, particularly for human data. A reliable IVIVC model can not only reduce the risk, time, and cost of formulation development but can also contribute to the formulation design and optimization, thus promoting the clinical translation of LBFs.