正当防卫的界定

正当防卫的目的在于保障公共利益和公民合法权益免受不法侵害,具有正义性;正当防卫必须针对实际存在的正在进行的不法侵害实施,不能明显超过必要的限度。通过对正当防卫的起因条件、时间条件、主观条件、限度条件等方面对正当防卫的概念进行界定。     

The Morning After: Limit Violations and the Self-Regulation of Alcohol Consumption.

The authors examined whether the reciprocal relationship between alcohol consumption and distress unfolded over time in 2 samples of social drinkers. Participants monitored their alcohol intake and their cognitive and emotional responses to that drinking on hand-held computers. On mornings after drinking, those who had violated their self-imposed limits the day before reported more guilt, even after controlling for acute negative symptoms of drinking and amount consumed. Reciprocally, guilt led to poorer self-regulation of alcohol intake: Greater distress over alcohol consumption was linked to more intake, intoxication, and more limit violations. Individual differences moderated the relationships among limit violations, distress, and drinking. Consistent with the limit violation effect, violating a limit produced distress over consumption among social drinkers, and they responded to that distress by drinking more. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An Implicit Multistage Integration Method Including Projection for the Numerical Simulation of Constrained Multibody Systems

To be efficient, the simulation of multibody system dynamics requires fast and robust numerical algorithms for the time integration of the motion equations usually described by Differential Algebraic Equations (DAEs). Firstly, multistep schemes especially built up for second-order differential equations are developed. Some of them exhibit superior accuracy and stability properties than standard schemes for first-order equations. However, if unconditional stability is required, one must be satisfied with second-order accurate methods, like one-step schemes from the Newmark family.Multistage methods for which high accuracy is not contradictory with stringent stability requirements are then addressed. More precisely, a two-stage, third-order accurate Implicit Runge–Kutta (IRK) method which possesses the desirable properties of unconditional stability combined with high-frequency dissipation is proposed.Projection methods which correct the integrated estimates of positions, velocities and accelerations are suggested to keep the constraint equations satisfied during the numerical integration. The resulting time integration algorithm can be easily implemented in existing incremental/iterative codes. Numerical results indicate that this approach compares favourably with classical methods.     

Schematic Influences on Category Learning and Recognition Memory.

The results from 3 category learning experiments suggest that items are better remembered when they violate a salient knowledge structure such as a rule. The more salient the knowledge structure, the stronger the memory for deviant items. The effect of learning errors on subsequent recognition appears to be mediated through the imposed knowledge structure. The recognition advantage for deviant items extends to unsupervised learning situations. Exemplar-based and hypothesis-testing models cannot account for these results. The authors propose a clustering account in which deviant items are better remembered because they are differentiated from clusters that capture regularities. The function of clusters is akin to that of schemas. Their results and analyses expose connections among research in category learning, schemas, stereotypes, and analogy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Traffic violation detection based on the implicit curves family

We propose an effective algorithm for the detection of the traffic violation vehicle by employing a set of implicit function curves which can be used to describe the different regions on the roads. When the vehicles are detected to run across different road regions, we can determine in which region that vehicle lies easily and immediately by using the set of implicit functions. According to the vehicle trajectory and the relationship among different regions described by the implicit functions, we can quickly and accurately determine whether the vehicle violates the traffic rules. In order to improve the detection efficiency and accuracy greatly, we use the piecewise linear functions to approximate the set of implicit functions in actual detection. Experimental results show that our algorithm can detect the traffic violation and display the specific violated traffic rules in real time.     

Reasons underlying behaviour of motorcyclists disregarding traffic regulations in urban areas of Indonesia

Over the last decade, motorcycle use has been rapidly increasing in Indonesia as have violations of traffic rules committed by motorcyclists. This study aims to explore the impacts of motorcyclists’ attitudes, habits, preferences, and travel patterns on their behaviour in disregarding traffic regulations in three cities in Indonesia. The theory of planned behaviour and structural equation modelling are employed to explore these relationships. Consistent with results from previous studies in developed countries, an individual’s beliefs and attitudes, social norms and perceived behaviour control significantly influence behaviour in disregarding traffic rules. Young adults and students are found to be more likely to frequently violate traffic regulations. However, unlike previous findings from developed countries, in Indonesia, males are less likely to disregard traffic rules than females. Overall, pushing the motorcycle through a (very) narrow gap, speeding, driving recklessly, and overtaking on the wrong side are the most frequent traffic violations that make up repetitive violation behaviour among urban motorcyclists in Indonesia. The results highlight the need to revisit Indonesian National Traffic Law traffic violation classification and penalties and separate violations that are likely to cause fatal results, thus requiring tougher law enforcement, from violations that are unlikely to have fatal consequences.     

SLA实现技术及其应用

随着网络服务的内容越来越丰富，用户对服务质量（QoS）的要求也越来越高。为了管理提供QoS保证的电信业务，服务等级协定（SLA）被提出，用来解决用户和服务提供商间有关QoS保证的问题。SLA表示模板、违例处理和指标评价是SLA的3种关键的实现技术。一个典型的SLA管理系统通常包括SLA数据管理、SLA问题管理和SLA管理3个部分。SLA的研究还处于起步阶段。需要进一步规范SLA管理内容。定义通用性和专用性相结合的管理方法，形成统一的工业标准。     

基于风险的电力系统无功优化问题研究

从风险的角度分析有功损耗、电压失稳以及电压越限给电力系统运行造成的影响，并在此基础上提出一种新的无功优化方法。该方法以运行风险最小化为目标，来配置系统中的各种无功资源。由于运行风险的降低有利于增强系统工况的合理性，因此该方法能够确保无功优化的综合效果达到最佳。IEEE 39节点系统仿真分析结果表明，与传统无功优化方法相比，该文提出的方法在应用的灵活性以及结果的合理性上都有很大程度的提高。     

供电企业服务人员工作压力与职业倦怠关系研究

通过供电服务人员工作压力、心理契约违背和职业倦怠的影响关系研究，借助标准量表，对当前供电服务人员工作压力和职业倦怠进行较为客观科学的评价。尝试挖掘影响供电服务人员职业倦怠的深层次原因。根据“以人为本”的管理理念，利用心理契约相关理论成果，降低压力源作用效果，努力避免职业倦怠现象的发生，并提出相应的意见和建议，进一步提升供电企业的管理水平。     

简析施工企业的税务筹划

探讨了施工企业如何有效进行税务管理,围绕企业所得税法,阐述了在遵守国家税法、不损害国家利益的前提下,通过合理筹划,实现税负最低的方法和技巧,包括调整好纳税身份、利用好税前抵扣政策、享受税收优惠政策、避免税收违法等几方面,以指导企业更好地创造效益,从而不断向前发展。