Ultrastructural responses by Golgi apparatus of rat submandibular gland to beta-adrenergic, alpha-adrenergic, and cholinergic stimulation

Rat submandibular gland tissue pieces were stimulated in vitro for 30 min with a beta-adrenergic agent or a cyclic AMP analog to stimulate protein secretion, or with alpha-adrenergic or cholinergic agents or a Ca2+ ionophore to stimulate fluid secretion. Acinar cells were examined by transmission electron microscopy. In control tissue, acinar cells showed little evidence of secretory activity. The Golgi apparatus was sparse and was associated with a few small, immature secretory granules with fine fibrillar contents. Following secretory granule discharge stimulated by isoproterenol or dibutyryl cyclic AMP, acinar cells were constricted, and had extensive basolateral membrane folding and tightly packed rough endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi complexes were prominent and had multiple small granules with filamentous contents. After stimulation of fluid secretion by alpha-adrenergic agents (epinephrine, phenylephrine), or cholinergic agents (acetylcholine, carbachol, pilocarpine), or a Ca2+ ionophore (A23187), the Golgi apparatus had compact concave cisternae enclosing aggregates of tubulovesicles. Acinar cells were distended, basolateral membranes were expanded, and rough endoplasmic reticulum was dilated and vesiculated.     

A new species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Falcaustra</Emphasis> (Nematoda,Kathlaniidae) and other nematodes from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sphenomorphus simus</Emphasis> (Squamata,Scincidae) from Papua New Guinea

Falcaustra papuensis sp. nov. (Ascaridida, Kathlaniidae) from the large intestine of Sphenomorphus simus (Squamata, Sciencidae) is described and illustrated. Falcaustra papuensis represents the 4th Australo-Papuan species assigned to this genus and is distinguished from other Australo-Papuan species by the distribution pattern of caudal papillae (6 precloacal, 6 adcloacal, 8 postcloacal, and 1 median), length of spicules (561–714 μm) and presence of a pseudosucker. Sphenomorphus simus was found to harbor 2 additional species of nematodes, Meteterakis crombiei and Oswaldocruzia bakeri. Sphenomorphus simus represents a new host record for each of these nematode species.     

Effect of prostaglandin D2 and I2 on the airways of rhesus monkeys

Prostaglandin (PG) D2 and PGI2 were evaluated to determine their effect on pulmonary function parameters when aerosolized in anesthetized rhesus monkeys. PGD2 resulted in an increase in frequency (f) and pulmonary resistance (rl) and a decrease in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), tidal volume (VT), and dynamic compliance (Cdyn), with the major effect on RL. PGI2 primarily effected an increase in f and a decrease in PEFR and VT. PGI2 had a variable effect, generally a decrease, on RL. The metabolite of PGI2, 6-keto-PGF 1 alpha, had no effect on the rhesus airway. PGF 2 alpha responses were similar to PGD2 except that the PGF 2 alpha produced a less strikingly consistent increase in RL. When PGI2 and PGD2 were aerosolized simultaneously, they simulated previously described antigen responses. Further, PGI2 plus PGD2 produced an airway response at 1/10 the concentration of either agent alone.     

Lymphocyte proliferation induced by autologous cells. XV. Relationships between the human autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction stimulated by non-T and activated T cells

The human {T:T act} AMLR was characterized in its relationship to the {T:Non-T} AMLR and its validity as a nonxenogeneic antigen induced response was extended. Human T cell lines, established from responding T cells in an autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), were maintained in medium containing human serum and interleukin-2 (IL-2). These cells stimulated ³H-thymidine incorporation by autologous T cells and by autologous unfractionated blood mononuclear cells. Freshly activated T cells isolated from an autologous MLR stimulated autologous T cells to a lesser extent could be enhanced by adding IL-2. Twenty-five to 50% of T cells stimulated by activated T cells express the T8 determinant. In contrast, we have previously shown that less than 10% of T cells activated after 6 days in culture with non-T cells express the T8 determinant. The number of T8 bearing cells were increased significantly after 10 days in culture with non-T cells. This suggested that two types of reactions, the {T:Non-T} and {T:T act} AMLR, might occur in sequence when T cells and autologous non-T cells are cocultured: first, the activation of T4 cells by non-T cells, then by the activation of T8 cells by activated T4 cells. Finally, activated T cells can stimulate unfractionated autologous mononuclear cells without prior exposure to sheep erythrocytes or fetal calf serum.     

The synthesis and actions of mouse and human interferons in mouse-human hybrid cells.

Lines of mouse-human hybrid cells segregating either mouse or human chromosomes were used for the analysis of various aspects of the production and actions of mouse and human interferons. In one of the hybrid cell lines capable of producing both mouse and human interferons, the proportion of the two interferon activities produced varied greatly under different inducing conditions, suggesting that there are differences in the triggering mechanisms of the two interferons. Generally both mouse and human interferon production could be enhanced (“superinduced”) by sequential treatment with cycloheximide and actinomycin D; however, in one of the lines producing both mouse and human interferon, only the latter could be superinduced. There was no correlation between the capacity of the lines to produce mouse or human interferons and the sensitivity to their action. However, there was good correlation between the sensitivity to the antiviral action and the priming action (i.e., enhancement of subsequent interferon production) by the two interferons. Thus, line 55-91F2 produced both mouse and human interferons, but was sensitive to the antiviral and priming actions of human interferon only. Line GM52 × BalbVC15 produced only mouse interferon but was sensitive to the antiviral and priming actions of both interferons.     

A new species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aplectana</Emphasis> (Nematoda,Cosmocercidae) in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Platymantis boulengeri</Emphasis> (Anura,Ceratobatrachidae) from Papua New Guinea

Aplectana krausi sp. nov. (Ascaridida, Cosmocercidae) from the intestines of Platymantis boulengeri (Anura, Ceratobatrachidae) is described and illustrated. Aplectana krausi represents the 42nd species assigned to the genus, the 4th species reported from the Australo-Papuan region. It is easily separated from the three species previously reported from the region by the distribution pattern of male caudal papillae: A. macintoshii and A. novaezelandiae have irregular patterns; A. zweifeli and A. krausi have defined patterns. Aplectana zweifeli has 8–10 precloacal, no adcloacal, and 9 postcloacal pairs of papillae, there is a single median papillae just anterior to the cloaca; A. krausi has 5 precloacal, 1 adcloacal, and 5 postcloacal pairs of papillae, a median papillae is absent.     

ACh and 5-HT stimulated thermogenesis at different core temperatures in the He-Cold hypothermic hamster

Hamsters in deep experimentally induced hypothermia, at body temperatures between 7 degrees C and 11.5 degrees C, were microinjected with 5-HT and ACh at brain sites in the anterior-preoptic area of the hypothalamus (AH/POA). ACh or 5-HT was injected into an AH/POA site at different starting core temperatures in different groups of hypothermic hamsters. Colonic temperatures (Tc) were maintained, following He-Cold induction, in a temperature controlled environmental chamber and measured with a YSI thermister probe and YSI telethermometer. Injections of either 5-HT or ACh at Tc's between 7.0 degrees C and 9.0 degrees C elicited only modest increases in Tc i.e., 0.3 degrees C--0.6 degrees C, respectively. As Tc increased, however, to ranges between 9.1 degrees C--10.0 degrees C and in different animals to greater than 10 degrees C both ACh and 5-HT at the same sites elicited significant increases in Tc, 1.5 degrees C for 5-HT and 2.2 degrees C for ACh compared to saline injections. These data suggest that at the lowest Tc's we are observing a "cold block" of temperature sensitive sites in the AH/POA. Increasing the starting Tc beyond 9.0 degrees C however, evokes significant increases in heat-gain following AH/POA injection of either ACh or 5-HT. These data are consistent with Myers' observations concerning the organization of heat-gain mechanisms at AH/POA sites. In addition, they suggest that both the afferent limb of the heat-gain circuit (5-HT) and the efferent limb of the circuit (ACh) are functionally impaired when Tc is close to the physiological limit in the He-Cold hypothermic hamster.     

ER "capture" of the skid-row alcoholic

In response to the spiraling anger and frustration voiced by the emergency room (ER) medical staff and the observed negative interactions between the alcohol-dependent patient and the ER staff, the author completed a 6-month retrospective review of all patients evaluated by the ER service with a complaint of alcohol abuse, chronic alcoholism, or requesting detoxification. As a result of that study, an ER-based comprehensive approach to the management of this population was proposed. Utilizing an existing Connecticut state statute, a specific approach to manage the skid-row alcoholic arriving repeatedly in the ER was developed. I report on this ER-based model and an approach to "capturing" the skid-row alcoholic.     

A Consideration on the new classification of latest lung ventilators

Concerning the classification of ventilators, Elam (1958), Faireley (1959), and Hunter (1961) reported some simple ones such as pressure limited, volume limited, pressure preset, or volume preset models. Mapleson (1969) also classified them by the generating force or cycling together with the above-mentioned types.The latest ventilators applicable to patients with respiratory failure usually have some cut-off function at high airway pressures as a safety measure. Therefore, all of them belong to the pressure limited type. Some ventilators are of two types such as the time cycled and pressure cycled type.Therefore, we attempted to classify ventilators into four groups, i.e. the time cycled, volume cycled, pressure cycled and selective time-pressure cycled types according to the fundamental mode of ventilator function, the so-called change of cycling from inspiration to expiration. Each group was further divided into subgroups according to preset dials such as respiratory rate, I/E ratio, inspiration time, expiration time, tidal volume, flow rate and airway pressure.By this method, fifty one ventilators on the market in Japan can be classified without overlapping. Although this classification seems complex, it will be of use in selecting ventilators by emphasizing preset dials according to the users needs, ability or both.(Goto Y, Takahashi K, Harada J et al.: A consideration on the new classification of latest lung ventilators. J Anesth 1: 178–182, 1987)     

情景模拟演练在儿科急诊新护士带教中的应用效果研究

目的研究在儿科急诊对新护士展开临床带教中,使用情景模拟演练教学法的实际应用效果。方法选择该院于2018年5月—2019年5月期间于该院儿科急诊中入岗新护士共计70名,设为该次实验对象。设立常规组与实验组后,将其平均分成两组并分别纳入作为对应组观察患者。其中常规组(2018年5—12月期间)的35名实习护士沿用传统带教模式展开教学,实验组(2019年1—5月期间)的35名实习护士沿用情景模拟演练模式展开教学。在两组同时期下收集各100例临床患者,在带教周期一月期间为其提供护理工作评价。并对其护士进科前后综合能力考评情况、护理技术考核成绩、护士带教护理满意度、患者满意度评价进行统计。结果进科前,两组对象综合能力考评能力于组间对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。进科后,实验组新护士综合能力考评成绩相比常规组更高,同时实验组护士的儿科护士护理技术考核明显优于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。相比较常规组,实验组新护士对带教满意度明显更高,同时对应组患者对护理工作的满意性更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论给予儿科急诊中入岗新护士情境教学法,对培养其岗前护理技能操作技能效率较高,同时能改变其患者护理满意性,加强新上岗护士综合能力,拉近护患之间关系,是较好的临床带教方法。