A review of: “Applying Psychology: Understanding People” By R. C. Beck (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1982.) [Pp.484.] $15-70. ISBN 0-13-043463-9.

This study investigated how ergonomic design influences neck-and-shoulder muscle strain, through keyboard assessment. Muscular activity was measured electromyographically (EMG) from six muscles in the forearm and shoulders of eight experienced typists using each of five different types of keyboard: one mechanical, one electromechanical, and one electronic typewriter; one personal computer/word processor (PC-XT) keyboard; and one angled at 20° in the horizontal plane. The impact on muscular activity of using a palmrest was also studied. The mechanical typewriter induced a higher strain in the forearm and finger muscles than did the modern typewriters and keyboards. These induced no different strain on the neck-and-shoulder muscles, except for the right shoulder muscle, which was more active with the electronic typewriter than with the other machines. Using a palmrest did not decrease the strain on the muscles investigated. Use of the ‘angled’ PC-XT keyboard did not influence the measured muscular load on the forearm and finger muscles compared to typing on an ordinary PC-XT keyboard, but decreased the extensor muscular strain compared to the electronic typewriter.     

Comparison of Indicator Components and Push-Button Recommendations

Four consoles were designed identical in every respect except for the display and control components used in their construction. Two levels of illumination were employed. Sixteen fit male subjects, age range 19 to 50, were tested. Subjects were asked to respond to signals presented in a predetermined order by operating a control, e.g. a push-button or Post Office key. Reaction times weretaken using a simple time event recorder producing five-hole punched paper tape output. A note was taken of errors of operation. Some 30,000 reaction times were taken and analysed using a five-factor analysis of variance computer program. A similar rank order of the components was found for speed of response and accuracy of operation. Within the limits of the experiment a trans-illuminated push-button was operated with the lowest reaction time and with least error. Some factors affecting the design of push-button controls and their associated displays are discussed.     

超高压食品加工装置密封结构的设计

本语言对卡箍式结构中筒体凸肩结构通过不同结构方案的分析计算给出了优化设计。确定了该结构的可行性，从而为整个装置的投入使用提供了理论分析基础。     

发动机风扇叶片凸肩工作面挤压应力研究

针对风扇叶片凸肩结构工作面挤压应力分布情况,建立了风扇叶片凸肩工作面接触有限元计算模型,分析了工作状态下叶片凸肩工作面挤压应力分布和变形情况。通过对实际工作后的风扇叶片凸肩工作面进行了检测,有限元仿真分析结果与实际工作面检测结果一致。研究了凸肩工作面挤压应力分布原因,并发现凸肩工作面的挤压应力分布和变形主要由初始紧度和工作载荷决定。该挤压应力的研究将为风扇叶片凸肩工作面的结构设计与制造提供参考依据。     

基于Kano模型的振动式按摩服装设计研究

振动按摩智能服装作为新型理疗类服装,通过内置振动马达模拟中医捶击身体达到按摩肌肉缓解疲劳的作用,目前尚处于市场开发阶段。文章通过用户访谈、市场调研获取此类产品的设计现状及主要的功能诉求点,并通过Kano模型,对目前振动式按摩服装的多个功能改进诉求进行需求属性归类;并通过计算Better-Worse指数,结合象限分析,明确设计需求的满足与改进的优先级排序;并进一步通过设计实践,重点针对较为突出的功能诉求点进行问题的有效解决,以提高该类产品的需求满意度。     

Transition boiling at jet impingement

The present paper is an attempt to summarize the results obtained on the modelling of the shoulder of flux phenomenon in the case of impinging jets on very hot plates. First, the phenomenon of shoulder of flux is described through literature results. Then, a physical approach of this phenomenon is given. The modelling of the shoulder of flux is based on the assumption of the existence of periodic bubble oscillations at the wall surface due to the jet hydrodynamic fragmentation. The modelling is carried out for the shoulder of flux region as well as for the first minimum and for the minimum film boiling points. These two points mark the beginning and the end of the shoulder of flux region.     

Effect of shoulder geometry on residual stress and fatigue properties of AA6082 fsw joints

The tool geometry is a crucial characteristic of the friction stir welding (FSW) process; its design is the key to the successful FSW application for a wide range of materials and thicknesses improving the weld strength and fatigue life. The present study investigates the influence of three shoulder geometries on the FSW joint performance, in terms of residual stresses state, microhardness profile and mechanical properties of 1.5 mm thick AA 6082-T6 FSW joints in the butt-joint configuration. The three tool geometries are characterized by three different shoulders: a shoulder with scroll, a shoulder with a shallow cavity, and a flat shoulder. Transverse and longitudinal tensile tests at room temperature were performed in order to evaluate the mechanical properties, respectively, of the joints and of the stirred zone, while the fatigue tests were performed transversally to the joint line. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Jooho Choi Marta De Giorgi received academic degree and Ph.D. degree in Materials Engineering from Lecce University in 1998 and 2002 respectively. She is currently a Post-Doc researcher at Salento University in Lecce, Italy. Dr. De Giorgi’s research interests are in the area of fatigue, residual stress, welded joints and advanced materials. She studies these subjects by experimental and numerical means. Agostino Scialpi graduated with honour in Mechanical Engineering in 2002 from Technical University of Bari, Italy. He attended a Master on Rapid Prototyping Techniques, is qualified as International Welding Inspector (Basic Level, IWI-B) and is Professional Member of The Welding Institute (grade: Graduate). He obtained a PhD in Environmental Engineering in 2006 from Technical University of Bari. Francesco Panella received full mechanical engineering degree in 1996 and Ph.D. degree in Materials Engineering from Lecce University in 1999. Actual position: Senior Researcher at University of Lecce-Italy and assistant Professor in: Machine Design. Main Research fields: Fatigue, welding, thermo-elasticity and Image correlation techniques for stress analysis, advanced Materials characterisation Luigi De Filippis graduated in Mechanics Engineering at Polytechnic of Bari, Italy in 1998, he started his career with the Ph.D. Degree (2001) in Advanced Production Systems at Polytechnic of Bari. His scientific activities concerne: numerical simulation and experimental investigation of laser welding, forming and heat treatment; rapid prototyping and reverse engineering.     

六自由度肩关节康复机器人设计与仿真

针对肩关节运动损伤康复训练问题,通过分析肩关节的运动方式,设计一种外骨骼肩关节康复机器人.对机器人的整体样机机械结构进行简单建模设计,并解决了肩关节旋转中心瞬时可变性的问题;通过D-H法推导出机器人运动学方程,并通过MATLAB验证了运动学方程的正确性.利用ADAMS软件中建立的虚拟样机模型,对机器人进行运动学和动力学...     

Evaluation of a dynamic arm support for seated and standing tasks: a laboratory study of electromyography and subjective feedback

The goal of this study was to determine whether a new dynamic arm support system reduced shoulder and arm muscle load for seated and standing hand/arm tasks. The new system provides support for both horizontal and vertical arm motion. A total of 11 participants performed ten tasks (five seated and five standing) both with and without the arm support. Outcomes were assessed with electromyography and subjective feedback. Muscle activity was measured over the dominant side supraspinatus, triceps and forearm extensor muscles. Significant (p < 0.01) reductions in static muscle activity were observed in one of ten tasks performed with the support device for the supraspinatus muscle, in five tasks for the triceps and in one task for forearm extensor muscles. Likewise, a significant improvement in subjective measures was reported with the support device for ‘ease of task’ for two of ten tasks, for ‘forearm comfort’ for three of ten tasks and for ‘shoulder effort’ for six of ten tasks. The results suggest that a dynamic forearm support may improve subjective comfort and reduce static muscle loads in the upper extremity for tasks that involve horizontal movement of the arms. For rapid motions, the value of the support is limited due to internal inertia and friction.     

VISIBILITY IN LIGHTED STREETS AND THE EFFECT OF THE ARRANGEMENT AND LIGHT DISTRIBUTION OF THE LANTERNS∗

Abstract

This paper discusses the problem of assessing visibility in lighted streets find some inadequacies of existing lighting installations.

Two investigations are reported : the first on the effect on brightness and ‘ patchiness ’ of the spacing of lighting installations on roads of different widths. The second compares two cut-off and non-cutoff lighting installations in terms of visibility and glare.