黄土丘陵区柠条人工林土壤呼吸速率对碳输入方式改变的响应

凋落物和植物根系作为土壤碳储量的主要植物性碳源,其质及量的改变可影响土壤碳汇功能。以黄土丘陵区柠条人工林为对象,设置移除凋落物、双倍凋落物、切根、移凋切根和保持原状5种碳输入方式,利用LI-8100土壤碳通量测量仪测定生长季（5-10月）土壤呼吸速率,以期阐明柠条人工林土壤呼吸速率对碳输入方式改变的响应。结果表明:1）各碳输入方式5-10月土壤呼吸速率呈单峰趋势,均在7月最高,10月最低;相比保持原状,双倍凋落物下5-10月累计土壤呼吸速率增加了22.73%,而移凋、切根和移凋切根的5-10月累计土壤呼吸速率分别减少27.57%、40.90%和33.83%;2）根系呼吸、凋落物呼吸和土壤矿质呼吸对土壤呼吸的相对贡献率由大到小分别为土壤矿质呼吸(68.58%)>根系呼吸(38.41%)>凋落物呼吸(24.65%);3）各碳输入方式下土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈显著指数相关,而与土壤湿度的二次关系不显著;土壤温度和湿度的双变量复合模型对土壤呼吸速率月变化解释率53%~93%,高于土壤温度和湿度的单因子模型对土壤呼吸速率月变化解释率53%~74%和0.6%~23.2%;相比保持原状,去凋、双倍凋落物、切根和移凋切根均降低了土壤温度敏感性。研究表明,柠条人工林地表凋落物的积累过多可能减弱土壤碳汇功能。     

天山北坡典型草地土壤呼吸特征及其对环境因子的响应

为揭示天山北坡不同类型草地的土壤呼吸规律,采用土壤碳通量测量系统LI-840A对天山北坡荒漠草原和灌丛草甸土壤呼吸（soil respiration,R_s）日变化和季节动态进行监测,并利用多元回归模型分析温度和水分对草地土壤呼吸的协同影响。结果表明,2种草地类型生长季土壤呼吸速率均表现为日间先增高后降低,夜间较平缓的日变化趋势,日最大排放速率出现在12:00—16:00,最小值出现在6:00—7:00左右;灌丛草甸生长季各个月份的土壤呼吸速率均高于荒漠草原。2种草地类型土壤呼吸速率与温度均呈指数相关;土壤含水量与灌丛草甸土壤呼吸速率的相关性高于与荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率的相关性;土壤呼吸速率受5 cm土壤温度（T）和5 cm土壤含水量（W）的影响显著,荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率与二者之间满足最佳拟合模型R_s=130.515e^0.031TW^2.513,灌丛草甸满足最佳拟合模型R_s =-1.290+0.010T+28.007W+1.199TW。研究结果揭示了荒漠草原和灌丛草甸土壤呼吸的变化规律,为天山北坡草地碳循环研究提供基础数据和理论支持。     

不同气调包装对鲜食冬枣保鲜效果的比较

【目的】探究自发气调包装保鲜对鲜食的冬枣(果皮转红面积超过2/3)的保鲜效果。【方法】采用两种类型自发气调包装袋MP20(20 μm)和MP30(30 m)对冬枣进行包装处理,以微孔包装的冬枣作对照,研究在两种贮藏温度下(25 ℃和0 ℃)不同包装条件下冬枣的生理活性及营养成分的变化规律。【结果】冬枣在常温(25 ℃)贮藏15 d,低温(0 ℃)贮藏90 d,与微孔包装相比,两种自发气调包装内的冬枣在室温和低温下均能降低冬枣的腐烂率20%以上,同时能抑制冬枣的呼吸强度,保持果实硬度大于1 000 g/cm~2,降低其营养物质的损耗。【结论】冬枣自发气调包装产品透气率、透视率不宜过高。MP30气调包装袋的透氧率较低,小于6 000 cm~3/m~2·d·atm,在贮藏50 d后,结合冬枣的呼吸作用调节包装内气体,形成的5% O_2浓度、1.0%～2.0% CO~2浓度,能降低冬枣的生理代谢,保鲜期比微孔包装延长30 d以上,具有较好的市场应用前景。     

多污染源混合废水对鱼类呼吸的影响

鸭绿江发源于长白山天池,流长795公里,经丹东一新义州入黄海,是中朝两国的界河。丹东市区段的鸭绿江,近年由于工业的迅猛发展而带来了江水的严重污染,致使鱼类大幅度减产。 水工作的目的是探索鸭绿江下游鱼类种群、数量变动的主要原因,为恢复鸭绿江下游渔业生产提供     

Oxygen uptake in the Antarctic teleost Pagothenia borchgrevinki. Limitations imposed by X-cell gill disease

Fish in a population of Pagothenia borchgrevinki in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, are affected by a gill disease (X-cell disease) which causes tissue hyperplasia that results in a decreased gill surface area and an increased water/blood diffusion distance. P. borchgrevinki acquires 95% of its oxygen via the gills, but damage to the gills by X-cell disease did not affect this function. There was no compensatory shift to cutaneous respiration. X-cell disease reduced the ability for oxygen uptake at low ambient P_{O 2} and the decreased uptake was related to the extent of the disease. _{O 2} max was greatly reduced in X-cell affected fish and substantially reduced their aerobic potential. This effect may impair the ability of diseased fish to catch prey and avoid predators.     

Reduced tillage with residue retention improves soil labile carbon pools and carbon lability and management indices in a seven-year trial with wheat-mung bean-rice rotation

Soil total organic carbon (TOC) is a composite indicator of soil quality with implications for crop production and the regulation of soil ecosystem services. Research reports on the dynamics of TOC as a consequence of soil management practices in subtropical climatic conditions, where microbial carbon (C) loss is high, are very limited. The objective of our study was to evaluate the impact of seven years of continuous tillage and residue management on soil TOC dynamics (quantitative and qualitative) with respect to lability and stratification under an annual wheat-mung bean-rice cropping sequence. Composite soil samples were collected at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depths from a three-replicate split-plot experiment with tillage treatment as the main plots and crop residue levels as the sub-plots. The tillage treatments included conventional tillage (CT) and strip tillage (ST). Residue levels were high residue level (HR), 30% of the plant height, and low residue level (LR), 15%. In addition to TOC, soil samples were analyzed for particulate organic C (POC), permanganate oxidizable C (POXC), basal respiration (BR), specific maintenance respiration rate (qCO₂), microbial biomass C (MBC), potentially mineralizable C (PMC), and TOC lability and management indices. The ST treatment significantly increased the TOC and labile C pools at both depths compared with the CT treatment, with the effect being more pronounced in the surface layer. The HR treatment increased TOC and labile C pools compared with the LR treatment. The ST + HR treatment showed significant increases in MBC, metabolic quotient (qR), C pool index (CPI), C lability index (CL_I), and C management index (CMI), indicating improved and efficient soil biological activities in such systems compared with the CT treatment. Similarly, the stratification values, a measure of soil quality improvement, for POC and MBC were > 2, indicating improved soil quality in the ST + HR treatment compared with the CT treatment. The ST + HR treatment not only significantly increased the contents of TOC pools, but also their stocks. The CMI was correlated with qCO₂, BR, and MBC, suggesting that these are sensitive indicators of early changes in TOC. The qCO₂ was significantly higher in the CT + LR treatment and negatively correlated with MBC and CMI, indicating a biologically stressed soil condition in this treatment. Our findings highlight that medium-term reduced tillage with HR management has profound consequences on soil TOC quality and dynamics as mediated by alterations in labile C pools.     

栽培管理对农田土壤呼吸的影响及减排途径

在全球变化加剧背景下,农田碳排放问题越来越引起人们的关注.结合国内外已有的相关报道,系统综述了栽培管理措施对农田土壤呼吸影响的差异,探讨栽培管理措施影响土壤呼吸速率的可能机制,并提出了农田土壤碳减排可行的管理措施,展望了未来该领域应加强的研究方面,旨在为农田生态系统在全球变化背景下碳汇功能的发挥提高理论依据和技术指导.     

秸秆还田对棉田土壤微生物和土壤呼吸速率的影响

通过基质诱导呼吸法和CO2释放量法研究了棉花秸秆还田对棉田土壤微生物生物量碳、土壤微生物活性和土壤呼吸速率的影响。结果表明,棉花秸秆还田提高了土壤微生物生物量碳含量,不同年份和土层土壤微生物生物量碳含量的变化趋势有所不同,两年试验结果0~20 cm土层除2012年8月和9月份外其它时期和20~40 cm土层除2013年8月份外其余时期土壤微生物生物量碳的含量均是秸秆还田显著高于秸秆未还田,而40~60 cm土层差异均未达显著水平。土壤微生物活性在不同年份和不同土层,除20~40 cm2013年4月和9月份以及40~60 cm土层的2013年5月和8月份差异未达显著水平外,其它时期秸秆还田均显著高于未还田处理。秸秆还田提高了土壤呼吸速率,不同年份和不同土层,除20~40 cm的2012年9月份和2013年6月份以及40~60 cm土层的2012年6月份、2013年5月份差异未达显著水平外,其它时期秸秆还田均显著高于未还田处理。     

针阔混交林凋落物对土壤呼吸的影响

以位于长江三峡库区的重庆缙云山针阔混交林为研究对象,利用美国LI-COR公司生产的LI-8100开路式土壤碳通量测量系统对林地有凋落物和无凋落物两种土壤呼吸速率进行了观测。结果表明:(1)有无凋落物对土壤温度、土壤含水量均无影响;(2)有凋落物和无凋落物土壤呼吸的昼夜变化都呈现为单峰曲线,下午14:00左右达到峰值,并且无凋落物土壤呼吸速率小于有凋落物土壤呼吸速率;(3)有凋落物和无凋落物土壤呼吸季节变化趋势都表现为双峰型,峰值分别出现在7月和9月;(4)针阔混交林通过土壤呼吸释放的CO2量达到24.05 t/hm2,其中由凋落物释放的CO2达到5.09 t/hm2,占总CO2释放量的21.16%,说明凋落物对土壤呼吸影响显著。     

不同品种鲜食核桃冷藏期间呼吸强度及品质变化

为探讨鲜食核桃冷藏期间品质变化规律,在(0±1)℃、相对湿度(RH)70%～80%的贮藏条件下,以辽河4号（L4）、西扶1号（X1）和西扶2 号（X2）核桃品种为试材,采用0.03 mm 厚聚乙烯（PE）袋包装,定期对其相关指标进行测定。结果显示,贮藏初期（15 d）呼吸强度迅速下降,之后维持在低且平稳的水平;3个品种之间水分、脂肪、蛋白质及氨基酸含量均呈现极显著差异;贮藏期间蛋白质含量变化不显著;脂肪、不饱和脂肪酸含量及维生素E含量总体呈现下降趋势;氨基酸含量30 d 时最高,之后保持下降趋势;酸价及过氧化值呈现上升趋势;贮藏中后期（60 d后）酸价、过氧化值、好果率及感官品质急剧下降。结果表明：鲜食核桃贮藏品质受品种影响很大,60 d 为鲜食核桃适宜贮藏期,以L4品质最好。