Marital closeness, functional disability, and adjustment in late life.

Socioemotional selectivity theory (SST) posits that emotionally close relationships are increasingly valued as people perceive constraints on time. Based on SST, this study of 1,532 older married persons hypothesized that emotional dimensions of marriage would more strongly predict adjustment at higher levels of functional disability. High levels of marital closeness were negatively associated with depression and anxiety and positively associated with self-esteem. Consistent with predictions derived from SST, marital closeness moderated the negative psychological effects of high levels of functional disability on depression, anxiety, and self-esteem. Results are discussed in the context of SST and traditional stress-buffering models of social support. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Gender characteristics and adjustment: A longitudinal study": Addendum.

Reports an error in "Gender characteristics and adjustment: A longitudinal study" by Jennifer Aubé and Richard Koestner (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1992[Sep], Vol 63[3], 485-493). The authors would like to acknowledge that the age 41 longitudinal data used in their study were collected by David McClelland, Carol Franz, Joel Weinberger, Richard Koestner, and Joseph Healy. This data collection was supported by a grant from the Seaver Institute. The data are currently being archived at the Henry Murray Research Center of Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Massachusetts. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1993-01033-001.) Used a prospective longitudinal design to investigate the long-term developmental implications of gender-related interests and traits. Archival data were available for Ss in the R. R. Sears et al (1957) study. Men, who at age 12 yrs endorsed interests and undesirable traits more typically associated with women, had poorer social–personal adjustment at ages 31 and 41 yrs. No effects were found for women. Feminine expressive traits at age 31 yrs did not impact on 41-yr-old adjustment for either men or women, whereas masculine instrumental traits were positively related for both. These findings support a multidimensional view of gender and indicate that harsher consequences follow when adolescent boys endorse nontraditional gender-related interests and undesirable traits than when girls do so. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

一种新型LED发光矩阵测试系统

由于ＬＥＤ信息显示屏快速发展的需要，一种新颖的ＬＥＤ发光矩阵测试系统已研制成功。它采用微机技术和具有ＣＩＥ标准观察者曲线光谱响应的多通道光电检测系统。能测试各种ＬＥＤ发光矩阵每个发光元的发光强度，正向压降和反向电流。测试数据显示在计算机显示屏和存在计算机内存中。     

Assessment of the minimalist approach to computer user documentation

The minimalist approach (Carroll, 1990a) advocates the development of a radically different type of manual when compared to a conventional one. For example, the manual should proceed almost directly to procedural skills development rather than building a conceptual model first. It ought to focus on authentic tasks practised in context, as opposed to mock exercises and isolated practice. In addition, it should stimulate users to exploit their knowledge and thinking, as opposed to imposing the writer's view and discussing everything that users should see or know.

In the first part of the paper the construction of a tutorial based on the minimalist principles is described. A parallel is drawn with constructivism with which minimalism shares important notions of instruction. In the second part, an experiment is described in which the minimal manual was tested against a conventional one. The outcome favoured the new manual. For example, minimal manual users completed about 50% more tasks successfully on a performance test and displayed significantly more self-reliance (e.g. more self-initiated error-recoveries, and fewer manual consultations).     

FOPE：一个面向FORTRAN的程序设计环境

本文介绍一个面向ＦＯＲＴＲＡＮ的程序设计环境ＦＯＰＥ（ＦＯＲＴＲＡＮＯｒｉｅｎｔｅｄＰｒｏｇｒａｍｍｉｎｇＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ）。ＦＯＰＥ提供对ＦＯＲＴＲＡＮ程序的静态分析、动态分析、程序变换、ＤＯ循环变换、文档生成等功能，文中详细地介绍了这些功能。ＦＯＰＥ的一个重要特点是可视化。可视化工具有程序调用关系图、过程控制流图和数据依赖图三种，它能做到对程序的静态结构和动态运行过程用图形显示。ＦＯＰＥ环境以Ｘ－Ｗｉｎｄｏｗ为基础，建立了窗口用户界面，大大地方便了使用。     

The conservation of human talent.

The history of the application of psychological findings to problems of education, occupational adjustment, and social adjustment is reviewed. Data on occupational choices, social status of various occupations, dissatisfaction with life work, and related matters are presented. 2 case histories are outlined in fair detail. One of these is cited as "a concrete example of the kind of vocational counseling needed to conserve human talent in our society." The other illustrates "a general failure of our society, in the past, to recognize and to utilize 'better than average scholastic and mechanical aptitude' from the time he left school at the turn of the century to the time of a national emergency." Problems involving resistance to hiring properly qualified, physically handicapped persons, failure to utilize the ever increasing number and proportion of older persons in our society, and widespread minority group discrimination are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the role of educational and vocational counseling in reducing and preventing occupational counseling in reducing and preventing occupational maladjustment in our society. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of group size.

This paper reviews 31 empirical studies of small groups in which the major independent variable, group size, was related to several classes of dependent variables: group performance, distribution of participation, the nature of interaction, group organization, member performance, conformity and consensus, and member satisfaction. Many of these variables were found to be significantly affected by group size, but methodological shortcomings characterizing this group of studies preclude the assertion of broad generalizations. Several dependable and nondependable intervening variables are suggested which may help to account for many of the observed effects. Conclusions are: group size is an important variable which should be taken into account in any theory of group behavior, and future research on group size should proceed more systematically than in the past. (46 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

面向用户构造企业信息系统

本文在对当前企业中信息系统面临的问题进行分析的基础上，提出了面向用户构造企业信息系统的方法，即全面考察实际系统中对象的整个生命周期过程和对象间的内在联系，使设计出的应用系统可由最终用户自行调整，以适应实际系统的信息需求的变化。论文提出了面向用户的企业信息系统的软件结构，最后简要介绍了采用面向用户方法进行开发的实例。     

A Model for Adapting Explanations to the User's Likely Inferences

In order to generate natural, high quality textual presentations in technical domains, good explanations must not only be adapted to the knowledge attributed to the intended audience, but they must also take into account the inferential capabilities of the addressees. In this paper, we present a model for anticipating contextually-motivated inferences addressees are likely to draw. This model is used to motivate choices in presenting or omitting individual pieces of information; it takes into account the addressees' domain expertise and expectations about logical consequences of purposefully presented information. Several kinds of empirical evidence are incorporated into a text planning process that aims at exploiting conversational implicature, so that a most suitable portion of the plan can be selected for being uttered explicitly. This way, our method adds to discourse planners based on Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) the ability to omit easily inferable information. Thus, it overcomes one of the main shortcomings of RST. In the course of this process, rules anticipating user inferences are invoked to determine contextually justified derivability of information. In this manner, text variants can be composed on the basis of a text plan entailing annotations about the inferability of pieces of information. Moreover, pragmatically-motivated preference criteria can be used to choose among several plausible variants. The model is formulated in a reasonably domain-independent way, so that the rules expressing aspects of conversational implicature can be incorporated into typical RST-based text planners.