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141.
142.
143.
S. Shivakumara U. Manohar Y. Arthoba Naik T. V. Venkatesha 《Bulletin of Materials Science》2007,30(5):455-462
The influence of a condensation product (CP) of veratraldehyde (VRTD) and p-amino benzoic acid (PABA) on Zn-Ni alloy electrodeposited onto mild steel was studied in acidic sulphate solutions. Ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid
(EDTA) and cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) were used as complexing and wetting agents, respectively. The effect of bath
constituents, pH, current density and temperature on nature of deposit were studied through Hull cell experiments. The bath
constituents and operating parameters were optimized. Deposit properties and corrosion resistance were discussed. Throwing
power, current efficiency and polarization studies were carried out. SEM photomicrographs of the deposit obtained from optimum
bath revealed fine-grained deposit of the alloy in the presence of condensation product and hence modified the morphology
of zinc-nickel alloy deposit. IR spectrum of the scrapped deposit showed inclusion of addition agent. 相似文献
144.
晶体硅薄膜电池制备技术及研究现状 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
晶体硅薄膜太阳电池近些年来得到广泛的研究和初步的商业化探索。根据所采用的晶体硅薄膜沉积工艺中温度范围的不同,晶体硅薄膜电池研究可分为高温路线和低温路线两个不同发展方向。本文分别从这两个方向综述了目前国外晶体硅薄膜电池制备技术的最新进展,最新实验室研究结果。报导了晶体硅薄膜电池商业化进展状况,指出了晶体硅薄膜电池实现产业化必须解决的问题。 相似文献
145.
146.
在2008年之前,上海的燃料电池汽车数量将达到百辆级规模,为了示范运行这些车辆,迫切需要建立一个有若干个加氢站组成的小型网络来提供加氢服务,为此需要确定投资运营成本。本文通过建立氢气运输成本模型(HTCM)和加氢站成本模型(HSCM),以90辆燃料电池轿车和10辆燃料电池公交车为服务对象,对由4种不同类型共5个加氢站组成的小型网络为案例,计算了每个加氢站的投资运行成本、氢气使用成本。结果表明,整个加氢站网络的年均总成本大约为769万元,而氢气的最终使用成本依据不同的供氢方式在30~77元/kg之间。 相似文献
147.
有限元数值模拟试井技术,可通过描述不同网格的瞬变压力对测试范围内各个小单元进行精细描述.综合运用解析试井、数值试井联带分析方法,将测试动态成果与地质静态成果有机结合、相互补充,可实现对复杂断块油气藏的精细描述,达到一口井搞清一个小型复杂断块油气藏的目的. 相似文献
148.
A solar concentrator with one-axis tracking is being developed at our institute. This concentrator system achieves a high geometrical concentration ratio of 300 using a parabolic trough mirror and a three-dimensional second stage consisting of compound parabolic concentrators. The design of the system as well as the characterisation of the second stage is described in this paper. 相似文献
149.
Properties and Performance of Cation-Doped Ceria Electrolyte Materials in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Applications 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Christopher Milliken Sivaraman Guruswamy Ashok Khandkar 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2002,85(10):2479-2486
Cation-doped CeO2 electrolyte has been evaluated in single-cell and short-stack tests in solid oxide fuel cell environments and applications. These results, along with conductivity measurements, indicate that an ionic transference number of ∼0.75 can be expected at 800°C. Single cells have shown a power density >350 mW/cm2 . Multicell stacks have demonstrated a peak performance of >100 mW/cm2 at 700°C using metallic separators. 相似文献
150.
The primary purpose of this work is to review the literature about what is and is not known about using ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA0 copolymer as the encapsulant (or pottant) material in photovoltaic (PV) modules. Secondary purposes include elucidating the complexity of the encapsulation problem, providing an overview about encapsulation of PV cells and modules, providing a historical overview of the relevant research and development on EVA, summarizing performance losses reported for PV systems deployed since ca. 1981, and summarizing the general problems of polymer stability in a solar environment. We also provide a critical review of aspects of reported work for cases that we believe are important.Failure modes resolved in the early work to establish reliability of deployed modules and the purposes and properties of pottants, are summarized. Typical performance losses in large field-deployed, large-scale systems ranging from 1% to 10% per year are given quantitatively, and qualitative reports of EVA discoloration are summarized with respect to ultraviolet (UV), world-wide location and site dependence.The general stability of polymers and their desirable bulk properties for solar utilization are given. The stabilization formulation for EVA, its effectiveness, and changes in it during degradation are discussed. The degradation mechanisms for the base resin, e.g., unstabilized Elvax 150TM, and stabilized EVA are indicated for literature dating to the early 1950s, and the role played by unsaturated chromophores is indicated. The limited number of studies relating discoloration and PV cell efficiency are summarized.Observed degradation of EVA or the unstabilized base resin in the laboratory and examples used to measure the degradation are summarized in sections entitled: (1) thermally-induced degradation; (2) photodegradation and photothermal degradation of EVA in different temperature regimes; (3) photobleaching and photodegradation of the UV absorber and cross-linking agent; (4) acetic acid and metal and metal-oxide catalyzed oxidative degradation; and (5) discolaration and PV cell efficiency losses.Processing effects/influences on EVA stability are discussed in sections entitled: (1) EVA raw materials and extruded, uncured films; (2) thermal encapsulation processes; (3) effects of lamination, curing, and curing peroxide on gel content and chromophores formed; and (4) incomplete shielding of curing-generated chromophores. A summary is given for the limited number of accelerated lifetime testing efforts and examples of erroneous service lifetime predictions for EVA are discussed. The known factors that effect the discoloration rate of several EVA formulations are discussed in which the reduction in rate by using UV-absorbing superstrates is a prime example. A summary is given of what is and is not known about EVA degradation mechanisms, degradation from exposures in field-deployed modeules and/or laboratory testing, and factors that contribute to EVA stability or degradation. Finally, conclusions about using Elvax 150 in EVA formulations are summarized, and future prospects for developing the next-generation pottant for encapsulating PV modules are discussed. 相似文献