A computational study of austenite formation kinetics in rapidly heated steels

Surface hardening of steels involves rapid austenitization and subsequent quenching of the surface. The resulting extent of hardening largely depends on the rate of austenitization of the surface under the applied high heating rates. In the present work the kinetics of austenite formation in Fe-C alloys during rapid, non-isothermal heating conditions, characterized by high heating rates and short austenitization periods, were studied by means of computational simulation. Austenitization of lamellar pearlite/proeutectoid ferrite microstructures was simulated by assuming two kinetically distinct stages: i) dissolution of lamellar pearlite followed by ii) dissolution of proeutectoid ferrite. The two stages were simulated by two corresponding 1-D diffusion models employed in series. Numerical solution of the resultant moving-boundary diffusion problems provide calculated results regarding the dependency of vol. fraction austenite on thermal cycle parameters and on initial microstructural features of the steel. Analysis of calculated results showed that the vol. fraction of pearlite transforming to austenite during pearlite dissolution depended on maximum temperature, dwell time and pearlite interlamellar spacing. A functional relationship between these variables, consisting of a thermodynamic and a kinetic term, was established. On the other hand, the total vol. fraction of austenite forming in the steel, after both stages of austenitization, was found to follow a typical sigmoidal kinetic behaviour.     

Grinding-hardening with liquid nitrogen: Mechanisms and technology

This paper studies an innovative development of a steel grinding–hardening technology using an inert cryogen—liquid nitrogen. It was found that phase transformations took place during grinding with the application of liquid nitrogen and resulted in hardened surface layer in a ground component. The layer had a fine laths martensite structure which gave rise to a remarkably high hardness. It was also shown that the treatment can produce superior surface integrity, with compressive surface residual stresses and without surface oxidation. Due to the inert nature of the liquid nitrogen, the grinding process becomes environmentally conscious.     

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) studies of liquid-liquid flows. Part I: Flow structures and phase inversion

A non-intrusive dye tracing technique, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), has been applied to investigate the co-current flow of two immiscible organic-aqueous liquid flows in a vertical pipe. This technique allowed detailed visualization of the dynamic evolution of the flows. Flow structures in liquid-liquid flows at high dispersed phase fraction were revealed which had not been seen before. In pipe flow, an unstable range was found in the flow pattern map in which oil-in-water (o/w) and water-in-oil (w/o) dispersions could co-exist. Secondary dispersions (o/w/o and w/o/w) were observed for most volume fractions and velocities, especially in the unstable range. It was observed that, when the flow is in the unstable region, both w/o/w and o/w/o secondary dispersions could appear in the same set of experiments. It was found that this unstable range in the pipe flow, in spite of the similar appearance, was different to the ambivalent range seen in agitated systems. The one-dimensional drift flux model of Wallis (1969) for dispersed flow and a laminar model for co-current downward annular flow, were also applied to predict the in situ oil holdup; good agreement was obtained.     

Ozone Contactor Hydrodynamics

Tracer tests were conducted at the 6,000 pounds of ozone per day Tucson, CAP Water Treatment Plant in Tucson, Arizona. The tests were designed to determine T₁₀ values through the contactors at various operating conditions. The tests were modeled using three techniques. Peclet Number was calculated for each of the runs, which would indicate the hydrodynamic conditions inside the ozone contactor. The results indicated that the increase in water flow rate and the number of cells with gas flow increased Peclet Number. The flow rate of liquid seemed to impact the Peclet Number more than gas flow. The headloss in each cell appeared to be important in controlling the distribution of liquid and gas through the cell. A correlation was developed between the product of gas and liquid phase Reynolds Number and Peclet Number.     

Al2O3-Al-C材料加热过程的变化

按w(板状刚玉)=84%,w(铝粉)=8%,w(α-Al2O3微粉)=6%,w(鳞片石墨)=2%的配比配料,外加3%热固性酚醛树脂作结合剂,成型后于200℃烘烤24h。在埋炭条件下于600～1400℃保温3h加热处理,冷却后测量试样的线变化率、显气孔率和常温耐压强度,并分析部分试样的孔径分布、相组成和显微结构,同时测定烘烤后试样在600℃、800℃、1000℃、1200℃和1400℃下的热态抗折强度,以分析该材料在加热过程的变化。结果表明,试样在600～1400℃埋炭加热过程中的变化可大致分为3个阶段:1)600～800℃,金属Al于660℃熔化,促进试样致密化,在800℃时已有少量Al4C3和AlN生成,使加热后试样的致密度和强度增大;2)800～1200℃,大量生成Al4C3和AlN,Al4C3和AlN填充在刚玉骨架结构中,试样的显气孔率进一步减小,常温耐压强度和热态抗折强度进一步增大;3)1200～1400℃,金属Al消失,Al4C3含量减少,部分与N2反应转化为AlN,试样的显气孔率略有降低,常温耐压强度和热态抗折强度略有增大。由此可见,随着加热温度的提高,材料的结合方式从碳结合转变为碳和金属铝复合结合,最后逐渐转变为碳和非氧化物复合结合。     

相平衡计算中全局优化算法的研究及发展现状

综述了相平衡计算中常用的全局优化算法,并对其现状做了比较。全局优化算法可分为随机性算法和确定性算法。确定性算法通常不能保证得到吉布斯自由能最小值;而随机性算法发展迅速,在化工领域得到了广泛应用。最后,对相平衡算法可能发展方向做了预测。     

结晶性高聚物作为相变材料的应用

本文研究了结晶性高聚物聚乙烯及其共混物作为相变材料对模拟发热体铜片热量的吸收作用，由于相变的吸热，铜片的温度在一定时间范围内保持在一个定值。选择不同的相变材料，可使这种温度平台出现在不同的温度范围，不共晶的共混物可有两个以上的温度平台，提高了降温效果。     

乙酸乙烯合成用废催化剂提锌机理研究

选择微波辐射预处理废催化剂,可以显著提高锌的浸出率。采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对微波辐射预处理前后和浸出前后的物相及废催化剂形貌进行了表征。废催化剂原料以乙酸锌和活性炭为主。经过微波辐射预处理后,发生了物相变化,废催化剂中以碳和氧化锌为主要物相,并且活性炭孔道打开,氧化锌吸附于废催化剂表面和孔道中,大大提高了与浸出剂的接触面积。浸出后,废催化剂中以碳为主要物相,实现了氧化锌与碳的有效分离。     

A 5 GHz LC-VCO frequency synthesizer for unlicensed band of WiMAX

This paper presents a low power and low phase noise CMOS integer-N frequency synthesizer based on the charge-pump Phase Locked Loop (PLL) topology. The frequency synthesizer can be used for IEEE 802.16 unlicensed band of WiMAX (World Interoperability for Microwave Access). The operation frequency of the proposed design is ranged from 5.13 to 5.22 GHz. The proposed Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO) achieves low power consumption and low phase noise. The high speed divider is implemented by an optimal extended true single phase clock (E-TSPC) prescaler. It can achieve higher operating frequency and lower power consumption. A new frequency divider is also proposed to eliminate the hardware overhead of the S counter in the conventional programmable divider. The proposed frequency synthesizer consists of a phase-frequency detector (PFD), a charge pump, a low-pass loop filter, a VCO, and a frequency divider. The simulated phase noise of the proposed VCO is −121.6 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset from the carrier frequency. The proposed frequency synthesizer consumes 13.1 mW. The chip with an area of 1.048 × 1.076 mm² is fabricated in a TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS 1P6M technology process.     

高岭土在碳热还原氮化过程中的相变

系统研究了苏州高岭土碳热还原氮化合成SiAlON过程在不同温度下的相变。对试样的XRD、SEM以及EDXA分析结果表明 ,1 30 0℃之前 ,试样中没有氮化物生成 ,物相为莫来石、石英和方石英 ;1 30 0℃时 ,高岭土开始发生氮化反应 ,生成过渡型SiAlON和β SiAlON。此时 ,石英和方石英相基本消失 ;1 4 0 0℃时 ,过渡型SiAlON、β SiAlON和X SiAlON三相共存 ,β SiAlON有所增多并有少量刚玉相生成 ;从 1 4 50℃到 1 550℃ ,Z值为 3的β SiAlON成为惟一的氮化产物 ,与少量SiC和刚玉相并存。莫来石在 1 50 0℃时完全消失