Weld Models Incorporating the HAZ Phase Transformation Effects, Comparison between Experimental and Numerical Results

lIntroductionEleCtricit6deFrance,Framatomeandbureaudecontr6ledeschaudi6resnucl6aires,hadledaresearchprogramonweldingfinitO-elemotsimulatonforthedsterminatonofnuclearcomPonensresidualstressesandinparticuarforsomesteelwithmetallurgicaltransformations.OneofthemainstagesofthswOrkistovalidatethemechancalmodelsimPlatedinfinite-elemotcodeswithinwhichthemetallurgicaltransformationseffectsareincorporated.ThisisthepurposeofthePresentpaper.ThetWocodesusedhereareSysweld(Framatome)andCOdeAster(EDF).…     

上海长江大桥桥墩纵向刚度研究

上海长江大桥预留轨道交通并铺设无缝线路,桥墩纵向刚度直接影响铜轨强度。通过3种不同铺设方案的综合比较,提出大桥引桥部分采用双固定墩设计,这样调节器铺设数量最少,对已完成施设的大桥改动也很小采用两种不同的计算方法对大桥每联钢轨附加应力逐一检算,结果可行。     

A finite element model for unbonded flexible pipe under combined axisymmetric and bending loads

Flexible pipes are key equipment for offshore oil and gas production systems, conveying fluids between the platform and subsea wells. The structural arrangement of unbonded flexible pipes is quite complex, encompassing several layers with polymeric, metallic and textile materials. Different topologies and a large amount of intricate nonlinear contact interactions between and within their components, especially because of the relative stick-slip mechanism during bending, makes numerical analysis challenging. This paper presents an alternative three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model that describes the response of flexible pipes subjected to combined axisymmetric and bending loads. To simulate the response of a flexible pipe under axial tension or compression combined with uniform curvature, an equivalent thermal loading is employed on the external sheath, which is modelled as an orthotropic thermal expansion material with temperature-independent mechanical properties. To assess the feasibility of the proposed model, the bending moment versus curvature of the finite element solution is compared with experimental results obtained in literature and good agreements are found between them. Detailed finite element results such as contact pressures, armour wire slip displacements and friction, normal and transverse bending stresses are also shown and compared with available analytical models.     

Prediction of residual stresses induced by low transformation temperature weld wires and its validation using the contour method

Welding residual stresses are one of the main factors influencing the engineering properties of welded structures, and should be taken into account during designing and manufacturing products such as ships, bridges, etc. Recently, both computational and experimental methods play a significant role for providing residual stresses. The contour method (CM) became one of the most powerful techniques that can provide measurement of residual stresses normal to a plane of interest. In this method a component is cut at any plane of interest. Displacements normal to the cut surface are measured and then processed. Using the Thermal–Elastic–Plastic Finite Element Method (TEP-FEM), residual stresses after welding can be predicted. As well as, the elastic FEM can be used to reproduce residual stresses from measured longitudinal displacements in the CM.The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of different low transformation temperature (LTT) weld wires using TEP-FEM and the CM. In the simulation part, a computational approach is developed to numerically simulate both of welding and the CM. In the TEP-FEM, phase transformation is considered for LTT welds, additionally volume change and variation of mechanical properties with temperature are considered. In the simulated CM, welded specimens to be measured are replaced by TEP-FE models. Then the procedure of the CM is examined before applying it to real measurements. The simulated CM successfully predicted how the CM would reconstruct the residual stresses if applied experimentally. In the experimental part, welding is conducted using conventional and various LTT weld wires. Longitudinal residual stresses produced due to welding are measured using the CM. The results of TEP-FE simulation and the CM show the effectiveness of the different LTT weld wires in introducing compressive stresses in the weld. It is also observed that the applied LTT weld wires, which have almost the same martensitic transformation start temperatures, do not show big difference in the induced compressive residual stresses in the weld metal.     

钢筋混凝土构件均匀锈蚀与应力的耦合效应分析

根据钢筋混凝土锈胀动力学及金属力学化学原理,分析了在混凝土完好的条件下,钢筋应力对锈蚀反应速度的影响。通过计算,确证了均匀锈蚀条件下应力因素对钢筋锈蚀速度无显著影响。     

岩石蠕变对隧道二次衬砌结构影响的研究

岩石蠕变是岩石的重要力学特征之一.在隧道开挖完之后的很长时间内,围岩会因为蠕变而进行应力调整,蠕变产生的荷载由隧道的初期支护和二次衬砌联合承担.在隧道设计中往往将二次衬砌作为安全储备,而没有分析围岩蠕变荷载对二次衬砌的影响,因此分析隧道二次衬砌受力以及健康程度随时间的变化是十分有必要的.文章结合泥巴山隧道工程,利用大型有限差分软件FLAC3d的Burgers蠕变模型,分析了不同时间蠕变对围岩应力重分布以及对二次衬砌的力学性能的影响,得出了一些有价值的结论.     

板架弯曲二次应力对纵骨疲劳评估影响的研究

为了验证散货船、油船协调共同规范(HCSR)中在计算纵骨疲劳寿命时不考虑板架弯曲纵骨二次应力的合理性,讨论两种二次应力的计算方法,分别对散货船和油船板架的纵骨的二次应力进行计算,通过对是否考虑纵骨二次应力计算得到的疲劳寿命进行对比,验证HCSR中简化算法计算纵骨疲劳寿命的合理性。     

Residual stresses at a longitudinal stiffener — Web frame intersection and their effects on crack growth

Stress coining at geometrical discontinuities may introduce compressive residual stresses which will lower the propagation of surface cracks and thus increase the fatigue life. In a non-linear finite element analysis, the residual stresses after welding of a transverse web-frame to a ship hull plating is first estimated. Stress coining of one corner of a longitudinal cut-out in a transverse web-frame is then simulated in detail. The calculated residual compressive tangential stresses in the corner of the cut-out is seen to lower the propagation of edge cracks. Experiments performed on web-frames taken from a shipyard after manufacturing show indeed that large tensile residual stresses exist in the web-frame after welding. Stress coining is therefore believed to have a beneficial effect on the fatigue life.     

自锚式悬索桥收缩徐变效应分析

由于自锚式悬索桥的主缆是锚固在加劲梁上的,采用钢筋砼或预应力砼构件的自锚式悬索桥,加劲梁和桥塔的收缩、徐变必然引起主缆和吊索的内力变化,从而导致结构内力和支点反力的重分布以及结构线形的变化,在结构设计时必须考虑砼收缩徐变的影响.采用初应变法推导出考虑砼加荷龄期的结构收缩徐变效应分析的有限元表达式,用FORTRAN语言编写了计算机程序,并以广东佛山平胜大桥为例,进行结构成桥后的收缩徐变效应分析,研究砼收缩徐变效应对自锚式悬索桥结构的影响.     

POSTMORTEM REDISTRIBUTION KINETICS OF ACONITINE IN RABBITS

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