Exploring the possibility of a common structural model measuring associations between safety climate factors and safety behaviour in health care and the petroleum sectors

The aim of the present study was to explore the possibility of identifying general safety climate concepts in health care and petroleum sectors, as well as develop and test the possibility of a common cross-industrial structural model. Self-completion questionnaire surveys were administered in two organisations and sectors: (1) a large regional hospital in Norway that offers a wide range of hospital services, and (2) a large petroleum company that produces oil and gas worldwide. In total, 1919 and 1806 questionnaires were returned from the hospital and petroleum organisation, with response rates of 55 percent and 52 percent, respectively. Using a split sample procedure principal factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis revealed six identical cross-industrial measurement concepts in independent samples—five measures of safety climate and one of safety behaviour. The factors’ psychometric properties were explored with satisfactory internal consistency and concept validity. Thus, a common cross-industrial structural model was developed and tested using structural equation modelling (SEM). SEM revealed that a cross-industrial structural model could be identified among health care workers and offshore workers in the North Sea. The most significant contributing variables in the model testing stemmed from organisational management support for safety and supervisor/manager expectations and actions promoting safety. These variables indirectly enhanced safety behaviour (stop working in dangerous situations) through transitions and teamwork across units, and teamwork within units as well as learning, feedback, and improvement. Two new safety climate instruments were validated as part of the study: (1) Short Safety Climate Survey (SSCS) and (2) Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture-short (HSOPSC-short). Based on development of measurements and structural model assessment, this study supports the possibility of a common safety climate structural model across health care and the offshore petroleum industry.     

国外钻井技术发展现状

美国及西欧一些发达国家一直处于钻井技术的前列，了解国外钻井技术现状，利于我国们在战略上决策钻井科技发展的方向，本文首先概述了国外比较成熟的大位移井钻井、欠平衡钻井、小井眼钻井、超深井钻井、老井重钻等技术，对国外正在研究和开发的钻井技术，如分枝井钻井技术、连续管技术、旋转导向钻井系统、套管钻井工艺、三维可视化技术等也作了一定介绍，对促进我国钻井技术的发展具有一定的借鉴意义。     

对石油与天然气成因的思考

通过对石油与天然气成因无机说和有机说所持证据以及实际勘探资料进行深入辩证的分析，认为二者并不矛盾，而是相互统一的，即有无机成因的油气，也有有有机成因的油气，它们都是自然界元素不断循环过程中的的一种中间产物。由于二者在生成环境、产出状态上的差异，被发现的几率就会不同。对不同成因油气资源的勘探应采用不同的理论、方法和技术。基于这种勘探思想，人们将会在更大范围的领域发现更多类型的油气资源，为石油工业提供更折后备资源会储量。     

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四川石油管理局主要设备经历了计划经济体制下适应四川油气会战的大发展和进入市场经济后的结构调整期，为四川油气工业的发展提供了有力的技术保证。由于历史及工作量调整等诸多因素，造成部分主要设备总量富余，能力过剩、设备结构不合理、部分设备技术落后以及尚未牢固建立以效益为中心的设备管理新观念，从而制约了设备的投资效益和利用效率。为此提出：①强化设备管理；②优化设备资源配置；③积极开展设备技术改造；④组建专业化公司；⑤积极构建设备市场；⑥进一步拓展国内外技术劳务市场等６个方面挖掘设备利用潜力、提高设备投资效益的对策与建议。     

A novel methodology in transforming bulk properties of refining streams into molecular information

Stricter and ever increasing environmental legislations and demand for higher quality products are the driving forces for the refiner in an attempt to characterise the refining streams on the molecular basis. The objective of this work is to develop a new methodology to interrelate the bulk properties and molecular information of the refining streams in order for refiners to look at the contribution of each molecular group on the properties of the refining streams.The molecular information of a particular refining stream is presented in the form of MTHS (molecular type homologous series) matrix representation [Peng, B., 1999. Molecular modelling of petroleum processes. Ph.D. Thesis, UMIST]. To enhance the accuracy and usability of the method, structural contribution of each isomer on various properties such as octane number, and reid vapour pressure, etc. are considered. Structural lumping rules are then applied to obtain the physical properties of each homologous series. Databases are set up for the properties and molecular information of typical refining streams. Automatic selection of sample matrices through linear combination is used to predict new composition matrices. The methodology is illustrated for refining streams with gasoline range hydrocarbons. The properties predicted based on the new methodology proves to be within 5-6% error range.     

世界石油资源城市兴衰的经验及启示

综观世界石油资源城市发展的历史,总体来说有三种基本趋向:或走向持续繁荣、或走向僵化停滞、或走向萧条枯竭.在总结其兴衰成败的经验与教训中得到启示,即必须走"开发油气资源→发展石油化工→建立多元经济→形成替代产业→走向持久繁荣"的发展道路.     

采用活性炭强化常规处理原水突发油类污染的研究

中试研究表明,常规处理(混凝—沉淀—过滤)可以将含油约为10mg/L的原水处理达标,并且除油率不受混凝剂投加量的影响。油污染浓度为7.2～18mg/L的原水经混凝沉淀去除的效率基本相同。20mg/L的油污染仅通过常规处理无法达标,需采用投加粉末活性炭(PAC)的强化混凝或颗粒活性炭(GAC)的强化过滤,即投加40mg/L的PAC,或在过滤阶段铺40cmGAC层的炭砂滤柱。KMnO4和Cl2的预氧化对除油效果无影响。     

石油沥青与煤焦油瓷漆的烟气净化处理

对于石油沥青、煤焦油瓷漆在施工过程中产生的烟气，目前多采用浸没式洗涤法进行处理，但效果不理想，为此提出了新的净化处理方法，本文阐述了该方法的原理、特点，介绍了处理装置的主要组成部分──除尘器和吸尘系统的特点。改型设计的烟气净化处理装置，经四川气田和塔里木油气田现场使用表明，烟气中CO和烃的浓度低于排放标准限值，符合环保要求。     

Remediation of petroleum contaminated soils by joint action of Pharbitis nil L. and its microbial community

The plot-culture experiments were conducted for examining the feasibility of Pharbitis nil L. and its microbial community to remedy petroleum contaminated soils. The petroleum contaminated soil, containing 10% (w/w) of the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs), was collected from the Shengli Oil Field, Dongying City, Shandong Province, China. The collected soil was applied and diluted to a series of petroleum contaminated soils (0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0% and 4.0%). Root length, microbial populations and numbers in the rhizosphere were also measured in this work. The results showed that there was significantly (p < 0.05) greater degradation rate of TPHs in vegetated treatments, up to 27.63-67.42%, compared with the unvegetated controls (only 10.20-35.61%), after a 127-day incubation. Although various fractions of TPHs had an insignificant concentration difference due to the presence of the remediation plants, there was a much higher removal of saturated hydrocarbon compared with other components. The biomass of P. nil L. did not decrease significantly when the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil was ≤ 2.0%. The trends of microbial populations and numbers in the rhizosphere were similar to the biomass changes, with the exception that fungi at 0.5% petroleum contaminated soil had the largest microbial populations and numbers.     

Application of HIGEE process intensification technology in synthesis of petroleum sulfonate surfactant

Petroleum sulfonate (PS) surfactant used for enhanced oil recovery was synthesized by dilute liquid sulfur trioxide and petroleum fraction (PF) of Shengli crude oil as raw materials with the application of HIGEE process intensification technology. The effects of various experimental conditions on the content of active matter and unsulfonated oil were investigated. The optimum conditions were selected as solvent/oil mass ratio 0.5, SO₃/oil mass ratio 0.525, reaction temperature 30 °C, rotating speed 1200 rpm, circulation ratio 4, reaction time 15 min and aging time 50 min under which the active matter content was up to 45.3 wt.% and the oil/water interfacial tension was as low as 4.5 × 10⁻³ mN/m. The higher product quality and higher process efficiency of this new technology is proven by a comparison with traditional STR process.